ECUADOR - Guagua Pichincha volcano

January 2nd, 2013

No recent events occured since september 2010. Last news : As of the 14 th of September 2010, IG reported that no significative change between 6-12 September period. Seismic network continues to record important number of events related to fracture of rock to the interior of the volcano, nevertheless did not register any type of additional anomaly. As of the 17th of April 2010, IG reported that there no change, both the seismic activity and fumarole emission remained at a low level. Previous significative information : as of the 20th of February 2009, IG reported that the seismic stations Geophysical Institute have registered for days back a slight increase of the internal activity of volcano Guagua Pichincha. In previous days 4 phreatic explosions of moderate size have been registered. These explosions happen due to an increase of the internal steam pressure, possibly related to the increase of precipitations observed in the zone of volcano. Therefore the Geophysical Institute recommends that it is not allowed to descend to the interior of the crater since the phreatic explosions could be repeated and the people could take the rock hit, other materials and/or rarefaction waves that are generated by these events. These phreatic explosions they happen generally at times of much rainfall, this is the reason why these explosions not necessarily are indicative of a substantial increase of the activity of volcano Guagua Pichincha. The Geophysical Institute in its preprecautionary eagerness of the security of the people maintains a monitoring permanent of the state of this and other volcanos of the country and will inform opportunely into any change that these can present/display. The activity of the volcano shows a slight increase in its seismic activity with respect to the previous months. 40 volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes have been registered, which are related to the fracturing of rocks to the interior of the complex between the 14th and the 18th of February. These earthquakes are of small magnitude, which is the reason why they have not been perceived by the population. It is possible to indicate that during the 2007, an average of 4.2 VT earthquakes per day was had. Also in this time interval 6 events of long period (LP) per day were registered when the average in the 2008 was of 0.3. LP events are related to resonances of cracks full of flowed inside the volcano. In addition it is important to mention the presence of explosions of moderate magnitude, related to the phreatic activity. The 16th of February the guardian of the refuge of the volcano perceived an increase in the scent to sulphur in the high part of the crater. Guagua Pichincha rises immediately W of Quito, Ecuador's capital city. The broad volcanic massif is cut by a large horseshoe-shaped summit caldera, ~6 km in diameter and 600 m deep, that was breached to the W during a slope failure ~50,000 years ago. - Information : I G Quito

*************************************************************************************************************************

ECUADOR - Tungurahua volcano

May 22nd, 2013

IG reported that during 15-20 May seismicity at Tungurahua remained at a moderate level and then decreased on 21 May. Visual observations were often limited due to cloud cover; steam plumes were observed rising from the crater on 17 and 19 May. A slight amount of ash fell in Choglontus (SW) on 15 May, and small lahars traveled down the Bilbao (W), Pingullo (NW), and La Pampa (S) on 20 May. IG reported that although cloud cover often prevented observations of Tungurahua during 8-14 May, ash plumes were observed almost daily. Seismicity remained at a moderate level. Explosions occasionally vibrated structures nearby and at the Tungurahua Observatory (OVT) in Guadalupe (14 km N). Strombolian activity was observed on most nights ejecting blocks sometimes 500 m above the crater; blocks that fell onto the flanks rolled as far as 1 km. During 9-10 May lava fountains rose 700 m above the crater. During 8-11 May ash plumes rose 1-2.5 km and drifted SW, W, and NW, producing ashfall in El Manzano (8 km SW), Choglontus (SW), Quero (20 km NW), Mocha (25 km WNW), Pillate (8 km W), Tisaleo (29 km NW), and Penipe on 8 and 10 May, and in Santa Fe de Galán, Mocha, Sabañag (15 km WNW), Tisaleo, and Quero (20 km NW) on 11 May. Ashfall was reported in Quero on 12 May. The next day explosions generated ash plumes that rose 2-3 km and drifted NW and W, producing ashfall in El Manzano. Roaring and sounds resembling rolling blocks were reported. On 14 May ash fell in Choglontus, El Manzano, and Mocha. Previously, IG reported that although cloud cover often prevented observations of Tungurahua during 1-7 May ash plumes were observed almost daily. Seismicity remained at a moderate level, although it increased on 4 May. On 1 May an explosion and rolling blocks were heard, and ashfall was reported in El Manzano (8 km SW). The next day steam-and-ash plumes rose 1-1.5 km above the crater and drifted W. Ashfall was reported in Cevallos (23 km NW), Tisaleo (29 km NW), Quero (20 km NW), and Mocha (25 km WNW). During 2-4 May Strombolian activity was observed at night. On 3 May several explosions produced ash plumes that rose 2-3 km above the crater and drifted N and NW. Ash fell in Juive (7 km NNW), Runtún (6 km NNE), Pondoa 8 km N), Baños (8 km N), Patate (NW), Pelileo (8 km N), Ambato (31 km NW), Cevallos, and at the Tungurahua Observatory (OVT) in Guadalupe (14 km N). On 4 May explosions rattled windows in Baños, and ash plumes rose 1-1.5 km and drifted N and NW. Large lahars traveled down the La Pampa drainage on the S flank, while other lahars traveled down the Vazcún, Juive, and Mandur drainages on the N and NW flanks. Explosions on 5 May rattled windows in Ventanas, Pondoa, and Runtún. An ash plume rose 2 km and drifted W. Ashfall was again reported in Cevallos, Tisaleo, Quero, and Mocha. A pyroclastic flow descended the NW flank 2 km. On 6 May ash plumes drifted SW and ashfall was reported in Cevallos, Tisaleo, Quero, Mocha, Pillate (8 km W), Choglontus (SW), and El Manzano. The next day ash plumes rose 3 km and drifted SW. Ashfall was reported in Sabañag (15 km WNW), Chazo, Ilapo, and Riobamba (30 km S). Tungurahua is a steep-sided stratovolcano or a conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash and is located near Ecuador's fourth largest city of Ambato, some 140 km south of the capital Quito. Tungurahua - Live webcam

*********************************************************************************************************************

ECUADOR - Reventador volcano

May 14th, 2013

IG reported that during the morning of 8 May incandescence from Reventador's crater was observed in addition to steam-and-ash plumes that rose 1 km above the crater and drifted NW. Cloud cover prevented
observations the rest of the day and most of the time during 9-14 May. At 1700 on 10 May a steam plume with low ash content rose 1 km above the crater, and on 11 May a vapor plume rose 500 m and drifted SW.
According to the Washington VAAC, IG reported that on 1 May seismicity at Reventador was elevated, and an ash plume rose to an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. A thermal anomaly was visible in satellite images. On 2 May ash was not identified in images and seismicity decreased. According to the Washington VAAC, on 12 April an ash plume from Reventador was observed in visible satellite images along with a corresponding thermal anomaly in short wave infrared images. IG reported that the seismic network at Reventador recorded multiple explosions during 12-17 March. Observers reported falling and rolling incandescent material on the S flank on 12 March. Explosions produced ash plumes that rose more than 1 km and drifted SW. The next day ash plumes rose as high as 3 km. On 15 and 17 March explosions were detected by the seismic network; cloud cover prevented visual observations. On 16 March an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted W. According to the Washington VAAC, the IG reported that on 2 March lava flows were observed, and a gas-and-ash plume rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. About an hour later a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to the same altitude. No ash plumes were identified in satellite imagery, however a weak thermal anomaly was observed during 2-3 March. IG reported that seismicity at Reventador was high during 6-7 February and moderate during 8-12 February; explosions were detected daily. An ash plume rose 3 km and drifted S on 7 February, and ashfall was reported in areas near the volcano on 9 February. Cloud cover often prevented observations.During an overflight of Reventador on 29 January scientists observed an explosion and a steam-and-ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the lava dome. Since November the dome had significantly grown to at least 100 m higher than the E rim, and about 20 lava flows had traveled down the N, SE, and S flanks. Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well E of the principal volcanic axis. It is a forested stratovolcano that rises above the remote jungles of the western Amazon basin. A 3-km-wide caldera breached to the E was formed by edifice collapse and is partially filled by a young, unvegetated stratovolcano that rises about 1,300 m above the caldera floor. Reventador has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions that were visible from Quito in historical time. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have constructed a debris plain on the eastern floor of the caldera. (GVN/GVP)

***************************************************************************************************************************

Tungurahua volcano 1999 - H. Gaudru

MONTSERRAT - Soufriere Hills volcano - West-Indies

May 18th, 2013

Reports for the period from 5th of February 2013 to 17th of May 2013 - Activity at the Soufrière Hills Volcano is still low. The seismic network recorded two rockfalls and five volcano-tectonic this week from 10th to 17th of May. Sulphur-dioxide measurements gave an average flux of 373 tonnes/day with a maximum of 553 and a minimum of 137 tonnes/day. The seismic network recorded three rockfalls, three volcano-tectonic earthquakes and one long-period earthquake this week from 3rd to 10th of May. Sulphur-dioxide measurements gave an average flux of 313 tonnes/day with a maximum of 435 and a minimum of 160 tonnes/day. Measurements were only possible on three days this week because of adverse wind conditions. The seismic network recorded three volcano-tectonic earthquakes this week from 26th of April to 3rd of May. Sulphur-dioxide measurements gave an average flux of 379 tonnes/day with a maximum of 466 and a minimum of 254 tonnes/day. The wind has been mainly towards the north and north-east since the night of 1/2 May. This has blown the volcanic plume over inhabited areas and the smell of volcanic gases has been noticeable at times. The seismic network recorded three volcano-tectonic earthquakes the previous week from 19th to 26th of April. Sulphur-dioxide measurements gave an average flux of 366 tonnes/day with a maximum of 535 and a minimum of 181 tonnes/day. There have been no good views of the dome for over a month now. Reports from helicopter pilots suggest that most of the large slab on the eastern side of the dome is now gone; removed by the pyroclastic flow on 28 March 2013. As of the 19th of April, MVO reported that activity at the Soufrière Hills Volcano is still low. The seismic network recorded two rockfalls and four volcano-tectonic earthquakes during the week from 12th to 19th of April. Sulphur-dioxide measurements gave an average flux of 556 tonnes/day with a maximum of 1155 and a minimum of 271 tonnes/day. Past week 5th to 12th of April, the seismic network recorded no seismic events related to the volcano this week. Sulphur-dioxide measurements gave an average flux of 325 tonnes/day with a maximum of 585 and a minimum of 186 tonnes/day. MVO reported that during 22-29 March activity at the Soufrière Hills lava dome was at a low level. A pyroclastic flow traveled down the Tar River Valley (E) at about 0500 on 28 March. The flow was not observed directly, but the deposits indicated that it traveled halfway down the valley, 1-1.5 km from the dome. There were no reports of ashfall; any ash was probably blown over Plymouth and out to sea. The source of the flow was not known due to cloud cover, but was likely from the failure a large slab that had been slowing moving away from the dome. Heavy rainfall during the evening of 28 March generated large lahars in several valleys around the volcano, including in the Belham Valley (NW). These started at about 1900 and lasted for several hours. The Hazard Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-5). Activity at the Soufrière Hills Volcano is still low.The seismic network recorded one rockfall and three volcano-tectonic earthquakes this week from 15th to 22nd of March.Sulphur-dioxide measurements were possible on only three days this week, giving an average flux of 359 tonnes/day with a maximum of 540 and a minimum of 258 tonnes/day. There appear to have been no changes in the large slab recently observed to be peeling away from the dome above the Tar River Valley. The slab is now estimated to have dimensions of 80 by 60 by 4-6 metres. If this slab falls as a single block it will produce a large pyroclastic flow in the Tar River Valley, safely away from populated areas. previously , the seismic network recorded one rockfall this week from 8th to 15th of March.Sulphur dioxide measurements were possible on only three days this week, giving an average flux of 251 tonnes/day with a maximum of 264 and a minimum of 227 tonnes/day. During a helicopter inspection on 8 March 2013, we observed a large fissure in the cliff on the eastern side of the dome, part of which has existed since 2007. This fissure is the result of slow cooling and erosion of the dome. It is parallel to the cliff face and is estimated to be two metres wide, suggesting that a large slab is slowing peeling away from the dome. If this slab falls as a single block it will probably produce a moderate-to-large pyroclastic flow in the Tar River Valley, safely away from populated areas The seismic network recorded one rockfall, two volcano-tectonic earthquakes and one hybrid event this week from 1st to 8th of March.Sulphur dioxide measurements for the week gave an average flux of 368 tonnes/day with a maximum of 552 and a minimum of 213 tonnes/day. Variable winds blew the volcanic plume over inhabited areas for much of the week, particularly the first half, and the smell of volcanic gases was very noticeable at times. There has been no visible emission of ash from the volcano this week. MVO has received some reports of ash, but these could not be verified. The seismic network recorded one volcano-tectonic earthquake the past week from 22nd of February to 1st of March. Sulphur dioxide measurements for the week gave an average flux of 503 tonnes/day with a maximum of 1078 and a minimum of 312 tonnes/day. Variable winds blew the plume over inhabited areas on Thursday 28 February and the small of volcanic gases was noticeable at times. Past week, activity at the Soufrière Hills Volcano wasstill low. The sulphur-dioxide flux has returned to typical levels. The seismic network recorded three rockfalls this week. Sulphur dioxide measurements for the week gave an average flux of 442 tonnes/day with a maximum of 566 and a minimum of 236 tonnes/day. These are similar to the levels measured before the activity that occurred between 3 and 6 February. Previous week, activity at the Soufrière Hills Volcano was low, although the sulphur-dioxide flux remained elevated following the activity between 3 and 6 February. The seismic network recorded one rockfall and one volcano-tectonic earthquake this week from 8th to 15th 2013.Sulphur dioxide measurements for the week gave an average flux of 910 tonnes/day with a maximum of 1236 and a minimum of 575 tonnes/day. An elevated level of flux has been observed ever since the activity that occurred between 3 and 6 February. Previous week, activity was alsol low, although there was a slight increase between 3 and 6 February. This involved VT earthquakes, an elevated gas flux and possibly light venting of ash. This type of activity has been observed on several occasions since the end of extrusion on 11 February 2010 and this week's was the most intense since the ash-venting episode on 23-25 March 2012. The seismic network recorded one rockfall, 25 volcano-tectonic earthquakes and two hybrid events this week from 1st to 8th of February. The VT earthquakes occurred mainly in four brief swarms, at 10:20 pm on 3 February, at 9:15 am and 9:50 pm on 4 February and at 6:20 am on 5 February (all local time). The second swarm was the most intense. One of the hybrid events occurred at the end of the second swarm and the other was an isolated event. Sulphur dioxide measurements for the week gave an average flux of 929 tonnes/day with a maximum of 2381 and a minimum of 273 tonnes/day. The flux was not steady, with peaks of 962, 1266 and 2381 on 1, 4 and 6 February respectively. The last of these is the highest daily value since the ash-venting episode on 23-25 March 2012. After the second, largest, VT swarm on 4 February, there were increases in the temperatures of several fumaroles inside the 11 February 2010 collapse scar, as observed using a handheld thermal infra-red camera at MVO, 5.7 km away. There was a further increase, as well as some loud roaring sounds, around the time of the third swarm. It is likely that the activity included minor ash venting from a large fumarole in the floor of the collapse scar as fresh ash deposits were observed adjacent to this fumarole on the morning of 5 February. All fumaroles had returned to background levels of activity and temperature by later that day. Montserrat Volcano Observatory - View latest NOAA satellite image of Montserrat ( every 30 mn)
************************************************************************************************************************

MEXICO - Popocatepetl volcano

May 22nd , 2013

At 0028 on 17 May another strong explosion ejected incandescent tephra 1.5 km from the crater, and generated an ash plume that rose over 4 km and drifted NE. Later that day plumes of vapor and gas rose 1 km and drifted SW. During an overflight on 18 May volcanologists observed a crater 200 m wide and 40 m deep in the dome's surface; the material was likely excavated by the explosions during 14 and 16-17 May. The rest of the dome was covered with rock fragments. Gas-and-ash plumes rose 500 m and drifted SW.
During 19-20 May gas-and-ash plumes drifted E and SW and incandescent tephra was deposited mainly on the NE flanks 400 m away, although most ejected fragments fell back inside the crater. On 21 May steam-and-gas plumes rose a few meters then drifted SSE. CENAPRED reported that an episode of high-amplitude spasmodic tremor detected at Popocatépetl began between 1928 on 7 May and 0159 on 8 May. The seismic increase was accompanied by an ash plume that rose 3 km above the crater and drifted SE, producing ashfall in San Pedro Benito Juarez (10-12 km SE), San Juan Tianguismanalco (22 km SE), Atlixco (23 km SE), and in some areas of Puebla (~50 km to the E). Incandescent tephra ejected from the crater landed 500 m away on the NE flank. On 8 May an explosion produced an ash plume that drifted SE. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night. The next day gas-and-steam plumes drifted SE. On 10 May steam, gas, and ash plumes were detected; one of two explosions produced an ash plume that drifted E. A series of ash emissions and periods of harmonic tremor occurred between 1142 and 1443; cloud cover prevented clear views of the ash plumes. On 11 May steam, gas, and ash plumes were again detected. An explosion produced an ash plume that rose 1 km and drifted NE, and ejected incandescent tephra 500 m down the NE flank. Ash possibly fell in villages downwind. Gas-and-ash plumes rose 0.1-2 km and drifted ENE and NE. During 11-12 May periods of spasmodic and harmonic tremor were detected, and activity increased overall. On 12 May CENAPRED noted that there had been an increase in activity during the previous two weeks, and another intensification that day prompting the Alert Level to be raised to Yellow, Phase Three. Access to the crater within a 12-km radius was prohibited. Stream-and-gas plumes with small amounts of ash rose from the carter. Sporadic ejections of incandescent tephra fell back into the crater and onto the NNE flank, 300 m from the crater rim. On 13 May steam-and-gas plumes were observed rising from the crater during periods of good visibility. On 14 May an explosive event generated an ash plume that rose 3 km and ejected incandescent tephra that landed 600 m away on the NE flank. Cloud cover again obscured summit views. Seismicity remained elevated. CENAPRED reported that during 24-27 April seismicity at Popocatépetl indicated continuing gas-and-steam emissions that sometimes contained ash. Incandescence from the crater was often observed at night. Gas-and-steam plumes rose 1 km and drifted NE and ESE. On 24 April an explosion generated a steam-and-ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater and drifted W; incandescent tephra ejected from the crater landed 500 m away on the N flank. On 25 April a dense steam-and-gas plume rose 1.5 km and drifted W. The next day an explosion generated a gas-and-ash plume that rose 2 km. Atmospheric clouds made observations difficult. On 28 April gas-and-ash plumes rose 1.2 km and drifted NE, and on 29 April gas-and-ash plumes rose 1 km; cloud cover continued to impede observations. On 30 April an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 300 m and drifted E. Ejected incandescent tephra landed 800 m away on the NE flank. Gas-and-vapor plumes rose 500 m. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two. CENAPRED reported that during 10-16 April seismicity at Popocatépetl indicated continuing gas-and-steam emissions that sometimes contained ash. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night and sometimes increased in conjunction with emissions. On 10 April gas-and-steam plumes rose 800 m above the crater and drifted ESE, and ash plumes rose 900 m and also drifted ESE. During 11-13 April gas-and-ash plumes rose 500 m and drifted NE. An explosion on 13 April produced a steam-and-ash plume that rose 400 m and drifted NE. Ashfall was reported in the towns of San Nicolas de los Ranchos (15 km ENE) and Huejotzingo (27 km NE), and in the northern part of Puebla (40 km E). On 14 April a period of tremor was accompanied by continuous emissions of dense steam-and-gas plumes with small amounts of ash that rose as high as 1 km and drifted NE. The next day ash plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater, and incandescent tephra ejected from the crater landed 400 m away on the NE flank. On 16 April gas-and-steam plumes rose 1 km and drifted NE. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two. Information from CENAPRED - Live cam of Popocatepetl -

MEXICO - Colima volcano

April 7th, 2013

As of the 6th of April, the summit lava dome showed some collapses. (video). Following more than one year without activity, an explosion occurred on 6th of January 2013 generating a volcanic plume that rose to about 2500 m above the summit crater, then quickly drifted toward the small town of Atenquique located 20 km East of the volcano. (video). The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent volcanic centre of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4320 m high point of the complex) on the north and the 3850-m-high historically active Volcán de Colima at the south. Frequent historical eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major explosive eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then overtopped by lava dome growth. Colima's web video camera - Colima data base

**********************************************************************************************************************

GUATEMALA - Fuego volcano

May 22nd, 2013

INSIVUMEH reported that during 16-17 May white plumes rose 300 m from Fuego's crater and drifted W and SW. Explosions during 17 and 19-21 May generated ash plumes that rose 350-650 m and drifted 6 km W and SW. On 19 and 21 May explosions ejected incandescent material 100 m above the crater.
INSIVUMEH reported that during 23-26 April explosions from Fuego generated ash plumes that rose 250-600 m above the crater and drifted at most 10 km W, SW, S, and SE. Incandescent material was ejected 100-200 m above the crater. In a special bulletin on 25 April INSIVUMEH noted that the energy of the explosions had increased, producing rumblings and shock waves that vibrated structures in Panimaché, Morelia, and Sangre de Cristo, as far as 10 km S and SW. A 300-m-long lava flow was active on the S flank in the
Trinidad drainage. On 26 April a lava flow in the Taniluya drainage (SW) traveled as far as 400 m. On 28 April activity again increased and 700-m-long lava flows were active in the Taniluya and Ceniza drainages.
Incandescent block avalanches reached vegetated areas. Cloud cover prevented observations of the crater. On 29 April explosions generated ash plumes that rose 550 m above the crater and drifted 10 km SSW. Lava flows remained active. As of the 24th of April, INSIVUMEH reported that activity increased. A new 300 m long lava flow went down on the South flank of the volcano and traveled toward the gully of Trinidad. Strombolian explosions still occurs from the summit zone. INSIVUMEH reported that during 27 March-2 April explosions from Fuego generated rumbling noises, occasional shock waves, and ash plumes that rose 0.6-1.3 km above the crater and drifted 8-15 km W, SW, and S. Incandescent material was ejected 100-200 m above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (9 km SW), and Hagia Sophia. Block avalanches descended the flanks and during 1-2 April reached vegetated areas. In a special notice on 20 March, INSIVUMEH reported that lava fountains rising 300-400 m above Fuego's crater during the night had decreased along with seismicity and rumbling noises. A lava flow was 1.5 km long in the Ceniza drainage (SSW), and ash plumes drifted SE and S. Explosions during 20-21 and 25-26 March generated ash plumes that rose 0.6-1.2 km and drifted SE, S, and W. Incandescent material was ejected from the crater. Lava flows remained active in the Ceniza drainage and traveled 600 m SW down the Taniluya drainage. Explosions produced ash plumes that rose 400-800 m above the crater and drifted E and W during 21-22 March, rose 300-500 m and drifted 5 km W and NW during 23-24 March, and rose 450 m and drifted W and NW during 24-26 March, which caused ashfall in Panimache I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (9 km SW), and Hagia Sophia. From (INSIVUMEH) - Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N, Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in 1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

GUATEMALA - Santa Maria - Santiaguito

May 22nd, 2013

INSIVUMEH reported that on 16 May an explosion from Santa María's Santiaguito lava-dome complex produced an ash plume that rose 600 m and drifted 6 km SE. Ashfall was reported in La Florida and Monte Claro. A lava flow on the NE lava dome traveled S. During 20-21 May a few explosions generated ash plumes that rose 500-700 m and drifted 10 km W and SW. INSIVUMEH reported that on 23 April two explosions were accompanied by white plumes that rose 800 m above Santa María's Santiaguito lava-dome complex and drifted SW. The next day explosions produced ash plumes that rose 600 m and drifted SSW. Avalanches were generated by active lava flows on the SW flank. Explosions were heard on 25 April but cloud cover prevented visual confirmation. On 28 April a small explosion generated a white plume that rose 500 m and drifted NE. Explosions on 29 April produced ash plumes that rose 800 m and drifted SE, causing ashfall in San Jose, La Quina, and areas near Calahuache. INSIVUMEH reported that during 27-29 March explosions from Santa María's Santiaguito lava-dome complex produced ash plumes that rose 800 m and drifted SW. During 29-30 March ashfall was reported in El Faro (SW flank) and La Florida (5 km S). An explosion during 1-2 April generated ash plumes that rose 500 m and drifted SE, causing ashfall in San José. Avalanches were generated by active lava flows during 29 March-2 April. INSIVUMEH reported that during 13-19 March explosions from Santa María's Santiaguito lava-dome complex produced ash plumes that rose as high as 4 km and drifted NE, E, S, SW, and W. Explosions were heard during 25-26 March. Avalanches from lava-flow fronts traveled down the flanks, and incandescence in the crater was observed on some nights. Ashfall was reported in El Faro (SW flank) and La Florida (5 km S) during 13-14 and 25-26 March, in Quetzaltenango (18 km WNW) during 17-18 March, and in San Jose on 19 March. INSIVUMEH reported that during 13-19 March explosions from Santa María's Santiaguito lava-dome complex produced ash plumes that rose as high as 4 km and drifted NE, E, S, SW, and W. Avalanches from lava-flow fronts traveled down the flanks, and incandescence in the crater was observed on some nights. Ashfall was reported in El Faro (SW flank) and La Florida (5 km S) during 13-14 March, in Quetzaltenango (18 km WNW) during 17-18 March, and in San Jose on 19 March. (scientific blog about Santiaguito). The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santa Maria has occurred episodically from four westward-younging vents, the most recent of which is Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars

GUATEMALA - Pacaya volcano

May 22nd, 2013

INSIVUMEH reported that weak incandescence from Pacaya's MacKenney cone was observed through the night during 15-16 May. Blue and white plumes rose 800 m and drifted S. On 17 May white plumes drifted W and NW. Incandescence from the crater was again observed at night during 19-21 May. On 20 and 21 May Strombolian activity ejected material 25 m above the crater. INSIVUMEH reported that on 23 April fumarolic plumes from Pacaya's MacKenney cone rose 100 m and drifted N. On 24 April tephra was ejected 25 m high by weak explosions. Incandescence from the crater was observed through the night, and explosions were detected the next day. Incandescence and explosions were again detected on 29 April. As of the 8th of April, INSIVUMEH team climbed the volcano and filmed the small active "lava lake" in the Mmackenney crater during their visit (video). INSIVUMEH reported that during 13-14 and 16-18 March weak gas-and-ash plumes rose from Pacaya and drifted N, NW, and S. A diffuse white plume rose less than 500 m and drifted E on 19 March. INSIVUMEH reported that during 8-12 March diffuse white plumes rose from Pacaya and drifted N, E, S, and SW. INSIVUMEH reported that on 5 March a gas-and-ash plume rose from Pacaya's MacKenney cone and drifted S. Based on INSIVUMEH notices, CONRED reported that explosions at Pacaya detected on 13 February were accompanied by rumbling. No material was ejected. The next day a diffuse white plume rose 200 m and drifted W and SW. Rumbling was heard in San Francisco de Sales (5 km N) and San Vicente Pacaya (5 km NW). Pacaya is a complex basaltic volcano constructed just outside the southern topographic rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlán caldera. During the past several decades, activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent strombolian eruptions with intermittent lava flow extrusion that has partially filled in the caldera moat and armored the flanks of MacKenney cone, punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions that partially destroy the summit of the cone.

*************************************************************************************************************************

COSTA RICA - Arenal volcano

August 2nd , 2011

OVSICORI-UNA reported that occasionally during early mornings in July web-camera images showed a plume rising from Arenal that drifted SE and S. Scientists that conducted fieldwork during 29-30 July 2011 observed plumes rising from the last cone that formed in the NE part of Crater C. PAST YEAR NEWS :OVSICORI-UNA reported that during November 2010, activity originating from Arenal's Crater C was at a low level and consisted of gas emissions, sporadic Strombolian eruptions, and occasional avalanches. Residents to the N, W, and S observed a decrease in gas emissions and nighttime incandescence from the crater. Acid rain and small amounts of ejected pyroclastic material affected the NE, E, and SE flanks. Crater D produced only fumarolic activity. Previously, OVSICORI-UNA reported that during September, activity originating from Arenal's Crater C was at a low level and consisted of gas emissions, sporadic Strombolian eruptions, and occasional avalanches. Residents to the N observed material ejected from Strombolian explosions descending the N flank. Acid rain and small amounts of ejected pyroclastic material affected the NE, E, and SE flanks. Crater D produced only fumarolic activity. The 1657-m-high andesitic volcano towers above the eastern shores of Lake Arenal, which has been enlarged by a hydroelectric project. Arenal lies along a volcanic chain that has migrated to the NW from the late-Pleistocene Los Perdidos lava domes through the Pleistocene-to-Holocene Chato volcano, which contains a 500-m-wide, lake-filled summit crater. The earliest known eruptions of Arenal took place about 7000 years ago, and it was active concurrently with Cerro Chato until the activity of Chato ended about 3500 years ago. Growth of Arenal has been characterised by periodic major explosive eruptions at several-hundred-year intervals and periods of lava effusion that armor the cone. Arenal's most recent eruptive period began with a major explosive eruption in 1968. Continuous explosive activity accompanied by slow lava effusion and the occasional emission of pyroclastic flows has occurred since then from vents at the summit and on the upper western flank. New webcam

************************************************************************************************************

COSTA RICA- Poas Volcano

October 28th, 2012

OVSICORI-UNA reported that on October 27, 2012 at 5:57 pm a phreatic eruption at Lake Poás ultra-acid of moderate energy was recorded by seismographs OVSICORI-A located at the top of the volcano. This eruption produced the ejection of agua, sulfur-rich sediments and rock fragments out of the lake. Hours earlier, at 11:20 am, there was a small phreatic eruption was also recorded by seismographs. According to a news
article, local residents heard a loud rumble at about 0100 on 28 October; a phreatic eruption ejected sediment 500 m above the lake, and produced ashfall several hundreds of meters away. Previously, OVSICORI-UNA reported that phreatic eruptions at Poás occurred on 6, 15, 20 and 26 May. The eruption on 15 May 2012 was preceded by about 6 hours of very-low amplitude harmonic tremor. Administrators of the Poás Volcano National Park witnessed the eruption and reported that sediment, water, rock fragments, and plumes were ejected 500 m above the lake surface. The level of the lake dropped ~0.9 m between 8 and 29 May. PREVIOUS 2011 NEWS - OVSICORI-UNA reported that fieldwork at Poás on 16 December showed new geyser activity from a vent on the N flank of the lava dome that formed in 2011. A water-and-mud fountain rose 5-6 m high, flowed into the lake, and built a terrace along the S shore. Gas-and-steam plumes rose from the lava dome.OVSICORI-UNA reported that during October fumarolic activity at Poás continued with bluish gas plumes rising from the lava dome; plumes rose more than 1 km and were reported by residents in Valle Central. Towards the end of the month, the fumarolic activity as well as incandescence from the lava dome decreased. The new craters at the N base of the dome united into a crater that was 25 m long and 7-10 m wide. Phreatic activity continued to occur from Laguna Caliente, the summit lake. The lake was 55 degrees Celsius, and the level had risen 22 cm between 14 September and 27 October. As of the 2nd of September, OVSICORI reported that Since mid-July 2011, incandescence is visible during the day on the “Dome” of Poás volcano, Costa Rica, which has not happened since 1981. This observation is the most spectacular illustration of a change of activity that started several months before. Comparing data from seismic, deformation, geochemical and field measurements to the volcanic phase that occurred between 1980 and 1989, we propose two interpretations: 1) the intrusion of a fresh batch of magma although we find no evidence in the data at hand, and 2) a change in the hydrothermal plumbing system that deviated the flux from the lake to the“Dome”. Depending on the precipitation rates in the following months, possible consequences of this change of activity could be the disappearance of the lake and the enhancement of the sub-aerial emission of gases and particles into the atmosphere with a strong impact on the surrounding environment. The complete report is available here and A video illustration is available here . Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano, which is one of Costa Rica's most prominent natural landmarks, are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the 2,708-m-high complex stratovolcano extends to the lower northern flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, is cold and clear and last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero.

COSTA RICA - Turrialba volcano

February 5th , 2012

OVSICORI-UNA reported that while conducting field work at Turrialba during 2-3 February, scientists observed incandescence with temperatures between 600-700 degrees Celsius from the three main vents of the W crater. The vents are comprised of the 2010 vent (on the SW rim), the 2011 vent (on the N side at the bottom of the crater), and the 2012 vent (on the SE flank). During the evening of 18 January 2012 scientists observed gas emissions and ejection of tephra from the vent. They also observed reddish flames from combusting gas, estimated to be about 700 degrees Celsius. Residents reported a dark ash cloud and ashfall in La Central (4 km SW). An OVSICORI-UNA pilot observed an ash plume that rose to altitudes of 4.3-6.1 km (14,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. OVSICORI-UNA reported that on 11 January local people around Turrialba heard several instances of rumbling. On 12 January an eruption occurred from a fissure on the SE flank of the main crater, in an area called La Quemada. An ash plume rose 500 m above the crater and drifted NNW, rising to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. Later that day residents reported: a dark plume from La Quemada and a white vapor plume that rose from the fumarolic vent formed in the main crater on 5 January 2010. According to a news article, the Turriabla National Park closed on 12 January and the National Emergency Commission (CNE) raised the Alert Level from Green to Yellow in the communities of La Central (34 km SW), Santa Cruz (7 km SE), and around the perimeter of the crater. Towns of Jiménez (21 km N), Oreamuno (45 km SW), Alvarado (38 km SW), and Cartago (25 km SW) remained at Alert Level Green. Previously, fieldwork on Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) showed a newly formed crater lake in the active west crater. OVSICORI-UNA staff reported since February 2011 an accelerated sealing process at the bottom of west crater due to frequent rock and mudslides. Sustained rains started in may provoking that water body to stay in the basin. The (70x70m), 1m deep, light green lake shows minor bubbling in the SW and NE shores due to preexistent gas outputs. Rock cracking can be heard from the other side of the crater due to the contact of hot fumarole outlets (above 370ºC) with the lower parts of the west walls. As of the 24th of January, OVSICORI reported that settlers living at the base of Turrialba volcano reported fine fallout on Friday, 14, 2011 (around 3pm, 21GMT). Due to thick cloudiness, rain and wind fieldwork was postponed. A visit, by OVSICORI staff, to the summit and surroundings (Tuesday 18th) showed rockslides from both sides of the vent opened exactly one year ago, when several phreatic eruptions took place. A singular hanging horizontal cave (lateral explosion vent ?) was formed and produced a small terrace topped with debris. Such material eventually will fall in the main vent to produce similar ejections. An elongated strip of fallout material, 2-5cms thick, (all preexistent) was observed up to 200m SW of the vent. Very fine material was sampled some 3kms SW along the lowland pastures that surround the volcano.Turrialba, the easternmost of Costa Rica's Holocene volcanoes, is a large vegetated basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano located across a broad saddle NE of Irazú volcano overlooking the city of Cartago. The massive 3340-m-high Turrialba is exceeded in height only by Irazú, covers an area of 500 sq km, and is one of Costa Rica's most voluminous volcanoes. Three well-defined craters occur at the upper SW end of a broad 800 x 2200 m wide summit depression that is breached to the NE. Most activity at Turrialba originated from the summit vent complex, but two pyroclastic cones are located on the SW flank. Five major explosive eruptions have occurred at Turrialba during the past 3500 years. Turrialba has been quiescent since a series of explosive eruptions during the 19th century that were sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows. Fumarolic activity continues at the central and SW summit craters.INFORMATION from OVSICORI - SVE Volcanic fieldtrip on group request.

COSTA RICA - Rincon de la Vieja volcano

February 28th, 2013

OVSICORI-UNA received reports at 0530 on 26 February 2013 of pulsing white plumes rising from Rincon de la Vieja's active crater about every four minutes. The seismic records showed no signals associated with a phreatic eruption or sudden gas output. Cloud cover prevented views of the active crater during an overflight later that day, however clear views of the N and S flanks and areas SW showed no changes.
Previous 2012 news . At 2pm (20:00 GMT) on sat 14th april 2012, OVSICORI reported that a small phreatic eruption took place within and around the hot, acidic, active lake of the volcano. Witnesses from nearby communities; north of the volcano reported some deposition of sediments along the outer north flanks of the main active crater. No communities, visitors or even lower streams were affected by such ejection.Previously, OVSICORI-UNA reported that seismic data revealed two eruptions on 19 and 20 February 2012 from Rincón de la Vieja's active crater. Two more eruptions also occurred on 23 February. Explosions were heard in Guachipelin (11 km SW) between 0400 and 0430. Rincon de la Vieja, a composite stratovolcano in Northwestern Costa Rica forms a NW-trending ridge consisting of several eruptive centers that have coalesced through time. Elevations of the individual cones range from 1670 to 1920 meters and nine craters are readily identified by their topographic expression. Numerous phreatic eruptions have occurred since 1851 (as recently as November, 1995), all from the Active Crater. The last major eruption involving juvenile magma occurred at ~3,500 ybp, producing the Rio Blanco tephra deposit. Ash, pumice, and lithics ejected during this eruption were deposited in a highly asymmetrical dispersal pattern WSW of the Active Crater, indicating strong easterly prevailing tradewinds at the time of the eruption. Historical descriptions of the summit crater morphology suggest that conditions there have changed little over the past century.
*****************************************************************************************************************************

NICARAGUA - Telica volcano

September 20th, 2012

During 10-11 September INETER reported "jet" sounds from Telica, two incandescent fumaroles, and gas-and-steam plumes rising 100-200 m above the crater. On 11 September two small explosions occurred in the crater. During 12-14 and 17 September gas plumes rose 30-150 m and incandescence from the crater was observed. Gas measurements on 14 and 17 September showed normal levels of sulfur dioxide emissions.
Telica, one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes, has erupted frequently since the beginning of the Spanish era. The Telica volcano group consists of several interlocking cones and vents with a general NW alignment. Sixteenth-century eruptions were reported at symmetrical Santa Clara volcano at the SW end of the Telica group. However, its eroded and breached crater has been covered by forests throughout historical time, and these eruptions may have originated from Telica, whose upper slopes in contrast are unvegetated. The steep-sided cone of 1061-m-high Telica is truncated by a 700-m-wide double crater; the southern crater, the source of recent eruptions, is 120 m deep. El Liston, immediately SE of Telica, has several nested craters. The fumaroles and boiling mudpots of Hervideros de San Jacinto, SE of Telica, form a prominent geothermal area frequented by tourists, and geothermal exploration has occurred nearby (GVN/GVP) - INETER

NICARAGUA - San Cristobal volcano

January 2nd, 2013

INETER reported that on 26 December four explosions at San Cristóbal produced ash plumes that were observed in satellite imagery drifting W and reaching the Pacific Ocean. Ashfall was reported in areas within 5-6 km of the volcano. The next day explosions produced ash plumes that rose 200 m above the crater. On 28 December gas-and-ash plumes drifted NW, W, and SW, reaching the Pacific Ocean and the coast of El Salvador. Explosions were detected until 1100. Sulfur dioxide emissions continued and drifted W and SW; the emissions decreased the next day. As of the 25th of December, INETER reported that on 25 December at 1800 seismicity at San Cristóbal increased. A series of explosions starting at 2000 produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 500 m above the crater and drifted SW and likely W. Ash fell near the volcano. Seismicity increased significantly the next day. Explosions continued to generate ash-and-gas plumes that rose 2.5 km above the crater and drifted N, W, and SW as far as the Pacific Ocean (30-40 km SW and W, respectively). Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Puerto Morazan, Jiquilillo, Aposentillo, Tonalá, El Viejo, Santa Marta, and the cities of Chinandega, Chichigalpa, Corinth, and Realejo. According to news articles, some families near the volcano self-evacuated.(video). Orange alert level has been decreated for the Chinandega area. PREVIOUS NEWS - On 10 September 2012 , INETER reported that seismicity decreased after the 8 September eruption at San Cristóbal. Sulfur dioxide emissions had decreased since the previous day. During 10-11 September steam plumes rose 200-300 m above the crater and drifted W. Three small explosions on 11 September generated ash-and-gas plumes that rose 300 m above the crater and drifted W. An explosion and ash venting was observed a few hours later; a plume drifted S and ash fell on the flanks. The seismic network detected small explosions on 13 September. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions were above normal, and similar to levels detected on 8 September. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions increased on 14 September. The next day a small explosion was observed and gas plumes drifted NE. Gas plumes drifted N on 17 September. INETER reported that on 8 September three explosions from San Cristóbal produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted 9 km/hr NW. Ashfall was reported in El Viejo (18 km WSW), El Chonco, and Ranchería. Sporadic explosions later that day generated ash plumes that rose 1.5-5 km and drifted 50 km WNW. Ash fell in an area covering 2,438 square kilometers, including the communities of El Viejo, La Grecia, La Joya, Santa Catalina, El Piloto, Las Banderas, Las Rojas, Carlos Fonseca, Jiquilillo, Mechapa, and Cosiguina. Ashfall was 5 cm thick in areas near the crater and up to 3 mm thick in more distant places. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 3,221 tons per day, well above the normal range of 550 to 700 tons per day. A resident near the volcano reported landslides and falling rocks in the N part of the crater. Incandescent rocks fell in areas NW, causing burns on livestock. Residents in Versalles Arriba, near the crater, reported seeing a fissure. According to a news article, officials evacuated about 3,000 people. SINAPRED reported that airplanes were diverted around San Cristóbal to other airways. (video). The San Cristóbal volcanic complex, consisting of five principal volcanic edifices, forms the NW end of the Marrabios Range. The symmetrical 1745-m-high youngest cone, named San Cristóbal (also known as El Viejo), is Nicaragua's highest volcano and is capped by a 500 x 600 m wide crater. El Chonco, with several flank lava domes, is located 4 km to the west of San Cristóbal; it and the eroded Moyotepe volcano, 4 km to the NE of San Cristóbal, are of Pleistocene age. Volcán Casita, containing an elongated summit crater, lies immediately east of San Cristóbal and was the site of a catastrophic landslide and lahar in 1998. The Plio-Pleistocene La Pelona caldera is located at the eastern end of the San Cristóbal complex. Historical eruptions from San Cristóbal, consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been reported since the 16th century. Some other 16th-century eruptions attributed to Casita volcano are uncertain and may pertain to other Marrabios Range volcanoes.San Cristobal's last such activity occurred three years ago. GVN/GVP - NOTE : a SVE fieldtrip in Nicaragua is planned for early December 2012- registration open here

NICARAGUA - Apoyeque caldera

September 12th, 2012

INETER reported that a seismic swarm near Apoyeque started at 1627 on 6 September in an area between the volcano and Managua (less than 10 km SW). At the time of the report, almost four hours after the start of the event, 17 earthquakes had been detected; three events were M 2.3-3.7, at depths ranging from 2.8 to 6 km. No earthquakes were recorded on 9 September. The Apoyeque volcanic complex occupies the broad Chiltepe Peninsula, which extends into south-central Lake Managua. The peninsula is part of the Chiltepe pyroclastic shield volcano, one of three large ignimbrite shields on the Nicaraguan volcanic front. A 2.8-km wide, 400-m-deep, lake-filled caldera whose floor lies near sea level truncates the low Apoyeque volcano, which rises only about 500 m above the lake shore. The caldera was the source of a thick mantle of dacitic pumice that blankets the surrounding area. The 2.5 x 3 km wide lake-filled Xiloá (Jiloá) maar, is located immediately SE of Apoyeque. The Talpetatl lava dome was constructed between Laguna Xiloá and Lake Managua. Pumiceous pyroclastic flows from Laguna Xiloá were erupted about 6100 years ago and overlie deposits of comparable age from the Masaya plinian eruption. (GVN/GVP)

***************************************************************************************************************************

El SALVADOR - San Miguel volcano

March 30th, 2011

Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (SNET) reported that during a survey of the San Miguel crater on 9 and 16 March observers noted pulses of gas rising 200 m from the crater. On 12 March the number and amplitude of earthquakes increased. RSAM values rose the next day to 121 units per day on average, up from normal values around 50 units per day. RSAM values continued to fluctuate during the next few days and reached as high as 319 units on 19 March, 414 units on 20 March, and 234 on 21 March. On 18 and 20
March, local residents felt vibrations and heard minor rumbling. Observations on 25 March indicated that gas plumes rose 100 m from the crater. On 28 March SNET noted that seismicity had gradually decreased
during the previous few days, and was as low as 80 RSAM units on 27 March. Access to areas within a 2-km-radius remained restricted. The symmetrical cone of San Miguel volcano, one of the most active in El Salvador, rises from near sea level to form one of the country's most prominent landmarks. A broad, deep crater that has been frequently modified by historical eruptions (recorded since the early 16th century) caps the truncated summit of the towering volcano, which is also known locally as Chaparrastique. Radial fissures on the flanks of the basaltic volcano have fed a series of fresh lava flows, including several erupted during the 17th-19th centuries that reached beyond the base of the volcano on the N, W, and SE sides. The SE-flank lava flows are the largest and form broad sparsely vegetated lava fields.
GVN - (SNET)

***********************************************************************************************************************

COLOMBIA - Galeras volcano

April 22nd, 2013

INGEOMINAS reported that during 15-21 May seismicity at Galeras was at a low level; during 19-20 May earthquakes with magnitudes 2.6 or less were concentrated in an area 3 km SW at depths near 4 km. Gas plumes rose 500 m above the crater and contained small amounts of ash during 15-16 and 20-21 May. Sulfur dioxide emissions were low. The Alert Level remained at III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity"). INGEOMINAS reported that during 10-16 April 2913 earthquakes at Galeras were located in various areas as far as 13 km from the crater, at depths no greater than 14 km and with maximum magnitudes of 2. Moderate levels of sulfur dioxide were detected; plumes drifted NW. Cameras recorded ash emissions all week, especially on 9, 11, 12, and 14 April, when pulsating activity produced plumes that drifted W. Plumes rose no more than 1 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity").INGEOMINAS reported that during 30 October-6 November 2012 seismicity at Galeras fluctuated but was slightly lower compared to the previous week. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions were low. Cameras around Galeras recorded gas-and-ash plumes rising from the crater on 30 October and 1 November. The Alert Level remained at III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity"). Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately west of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. Webcam image

COLOMBIA - Nevado del Ruiz

April 18th, 2013

INGEOMINAS reported that during 13-14 April seismicity associated with fluid movement beneath Nevado del Ruiz was detected along with volcano-tectonic earthquakes. The earthquakes were located NW of Arenas
Crater at depths between 5 and 9 km; the largest was a M 2.6, felt by officials of Los Nevados National Park in the area of Brisas (50 km SW). During the early morning of 14 April webcams recorded a gas-and-ash plume that rose 630 m and drifted NW. On 15 April a M 3 volcano-tectonic earthquake was located NW of Arenas Crater at a depth of 6.6 km. Later that day a M 2.5 volcano-tectonic earthquake was located again NW of Arenas Crater at a depth of 5.78 km. On 16 April at 0714 a M 3.2 earthquake was located in the same area at a depth of 6.22 km. Earthquakes continued to be felt by officials in the National Park. A gas-and-steam plume rose 1 km above the crater and drifted SW. Sulfur dioxide emissions were significant and deformation was detected. The Alert Level remained at III (Yellow;"changes in the behavior of volcanic activity"). Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 16 January a diffuse plume from Nevado del Ruiz possibly contained ash and drifted almost 55 km NE. A thermal anomaly was also detected. INGEOMINAS reported significant emissions of mostly gas and steam during 14-20 January; plumes rose 1.6 km above the crater and drifted E and SE, and then W during the later part of the week.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and reported seismic activity, the Washington VAAC issued a notice about a possible eruption from Nevado del Ruiz on 15 November. Cloud cover prevented observations of a possible ash plume but elevated seismicity was detected. A few hours later seismicity decreased and a faint thermal anomaly was detected. About six hours after that seismic activity remained low and no anomaly was detected. According to INGEOMINAS, on 5 September 2012 the Observatorio Vulcanológico and Sismológico de Manizales reported that seismicity at Nevado del Ruiz significantly decreased, both in the number and magnitude of the earthquakes. Field measurements and analysis of satellite imagery continued to show a significant amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. A steam-and-gas plume rose 400 m and drifted W. Later that day, INGEOMINAS decreased the Alert Level to III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity. According to INGEOMINAS, reported that during 30-31 August 2012 variations in volcanic tremor amplitude were detected at Nevado del Ruiz, possibly associated with continuing gas and ASH emissions. Seismic activity was low during 2-4 September. Cloud cover mostly prevented observations of the volcano; a white gas plume rose 200 m on 4 September and drifted W and SW. During 3-4 September field measurements and analysis of satellite imagery showed a significant amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. The Alert Level remained at II (Orange; "eruption likely within days or weeks"). Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in central Colombia that covers >200 sq km. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the summit caldera of an older Ruiz volcano. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit. Steep headwalls of massive landslides cut the flanks of Nevado del Ruiz. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption. (GVN/GVP)

*************************************************************************************************************************

PERU - Sabancaya volcano

April 12th, 2013

On 10 May Instituto Geofísico de Perú (IGP) reported that results of an interferogram of Sabancaya provided by a collaborator at Cornell University showed that an area of deformation (subsidence of 7 cm centered at 6 km NE of the crater) was coincident with the main area of seismicity. Volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes continued to dominate the seismic signals, although long-period (LP) events continued to be detected. There
was also an increase of hybrid events. On 10 May a M 4 VT event occurred 15 km W and fumarolic activity increased, with plumes rising 1.2 km high On 4 April Instituto Geofísico de Perú (IGP) reported that volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes at Sabancaya dominated the seismic signals although long-period (LP) events continued to be detected. A photo showed a fumarolic plume rising above Sabancaya on 8 March. During the third week of March, a bluish colored plume rose 500 m above the crater, possibly indicating sulfur dioxide emissions. On 25 March the seismic network detected a continuing high rate of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and an increasing number of long-period (LP) events. On 27 March and 1 April VT earthquakes continued to be dominant and located below the NE sector of the crater. The number and amplitude of LP events did not change. Previously, residents of Sallalli, 11 km S of Sabancaya, reported that fumarolic activity had increased on 5 December 2012. Four earthquakes within 15 km of the crater during 22-23 February caused damage in Maca, 20 km NE. In response, the Instituto Geofísico de Perú (IGP) installed seismic stations and recorded hundreds of earthquakes per day. INGEMMET also installed monitoring equipment, and in partnership with IGP increased monitoring efforts. On 27 February scientists observed that the emissions were mostly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. During 28 February-5 March there were 400-500 earthquakes per day recorded, mostly volcano-tectonic events. INGEMMET reported that during 24 February-6 March fumarolic emissions from Sabancaya rose 400-1,000 m above the crater. On 27 February scientists who visited the volcano noted no ash deposits, and observed that the fumarolic emissions were comprised mostly of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. During 28 February-5 March there were 400-500 earthquakes per day recorded, mostly volcano-tectonic events. The temperature of La Calera hot spring was unchanged from the previous year. The Alert Level remained at Yellow. According to news articles, INGEMMET recorded 536 earthquakes from Sabancaya, or about 20 per hour, during 22-23 February. About 80 homes were damaged by the earthquakes, causing some evacuations. A plume rose 100 m; plumes had been intermittently visible since 15 January. Sabancaya, located on the saddle between 6288-m-high Ampato and 6025-m-high Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three volcanoes, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. Both Nevado Ampato and Nevado Sabancaya are only slightly affected by glacial erosion and consist of a series of lava domes aligned along a NW-SW trend. The name of 5967-m-high Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua Indian language) first appeared in records in 1595 AD, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of historical eruptions of Sabancaya date back to 1750. (GVN/GVP)

*****************************************************************************************************************************

CHILE - ARGENTINA - Copahue volcano

May 10th, 2013

OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that an explosion from Copahue at 1015 on 7 May recorded by a webcam produced a gas, steam, and ash plume that rose 350 m and drifted SE. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night. The Alert Level was raised to Yellow. Based on analysis of satellite imagery and a pilot observation, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 28 March steam-and-gas emissions with small amounts of ash rose from Copahue. Previously, OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 29 January-4 February the web camera near Copahue recorded white gas plumes rising 350-1,550 m above the crater and drifting E and SE. Seismicity fluctuated but mostly remained at low levels. The Alert Level was lowered to Yellow on 4 February. The Buenos Aires VAAC noted that although a pilot reported an ash plume between the altitudes of 3-4.6 km (10,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. on 4 February, no ash was detected in mostly clear satellite images. The VAAC also noted that steam emissions with possible ash were recorded by the OVDAS webcam. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 22-28 January the web camera near Copahue recorded white gas plumes rising 100-800 m above the crater and drifting E and SE. Seismicity remained at low levels. An explosion at 2355 on 22 January produced a gas plume (with no ash) that rose 1.45 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at Orange.OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that the web camera near Copahue recorded white gas plumes rising 250-1,300 m above the crater during 15-18 January and drifting W and NW. Seismicity remained at low levels. The Alert Level was lowered from Orange to Yellow on 18 January. A seismic swarm of long-period earthquakes started at 1420 on 22 January. The earthquakes were initially deep but became shallower, and volcano-tectonic events were more frequently detected, until the next report posted at 2200. Web camera and satellite images did not show any changes. The Alert Level was raised to Orange. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that the web camera near Copahue recorded white gas plumes rising 0.9-1.5 km above the crater during 9-15 January and drifting NNE, E, ESE, and SSE. Incandescence from the crater was observed on some nights. Satellite images showed plumes drifting 10 km E and SSE during 10-12 January. The Alert Level remained at Orange. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that seismicity at Copahue during 31 December, and 2 and 4-5 January indicated magma movement focused at 4 km below the crater and moving to shallower depths. On 5 January seismicity increased as well as gray emissions observed with a web camera. The Alert Level was raised to Orange. Incandescence on the crater was noted during 5-6 January, and plumes rose 200 m above the crater and drifted E during 5-7 January. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 25-29 December white plumes observed with a web camera installed near Copahue rose 450-850 m and drifted NE and E. Plumes detected in satellite imagery drifting 16 km NE on 26 December. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night during 26-28 December; explosions were detected during 27-28 December. Seismicity had decreased during the reporting period. The Alert Level was lowered to Yellow on 29 December. As of the 25th of December, SERNAGEOMIN reported that the activity decreased to low values and tremor was not detected. Cloud cover obscured web camera views. Diffuse plumes visible in satellite images drifted 70 km SE. On 24 December seismicity decreased. The camera recorded crater incandescence which increased to heights of 200 m with explosions. Incandescent blocks were again ejected with Strombolian explosions. Plumes rose 300 m and drifted SE; they were mostly white, but turned dark with ash during explosions. The Alert Level was lowered to Orange. On 23 December incandescence from the crater increased with explosions, as high as 450 m. Strombolian activity ejected incandescent blocks, and mostly white plumes turned dark during explosions. The plumesrose 1 km and drifted SE. As of the 23rd of December in the morning , SERNAGEOMIN reported that an eruptive activity started on Saturday 22nd of December at 10:45 am (local time) at the Copahue volcano. An explosive activity started and a volcanic plume rose at about 1500 m high and drifted 300 km toward the Southeast according to MODIS satellite image taken at 2:45 pm (TU). Following this phreatic phase, magmatic activity started and local scientific authorities decreted alert level orrange then Red. No evacuation was planned for the moment. Scientists aboard an overflight observed a low plume rising 1.5 km above a vent in Del Agrio Crater, in the same area as the previous eruption in 2000, and drifting SE. The scientists noted that at 1600 the emissions changed from ash to gas. Later that day web cameras showed incandescence from the crater reflecting in the clouds. The Alert Level was raised to Red, and people within a 15-km-radius and along drainages were warned about potential increases in activity or lahars. Volcán Copahue is an elongated composite cone constructed along the Chile-Argentina border within the 6.5 x 8.5 km wide Trapa-Trapa caldera that formed between 0.6 and 0.4 million years ago near the NW margin of the 20 x 15 km Pliocene Caviahue (Del Agrio) caldera. The eastern summit crater, part of a 2-km-long, ENE-WSW line of nine craters, contains a briny, acidic 300-m-wide crater lake (also referred to as El Agrio or Del Agrio) and displays intense fumarolic activity. Acidic hot springs occur below the eastern outlet of the crater lake, contributing to the acidity of the Río Agrio, and another geothermal zone is located within Caviahue caldera about 7 km NE of the summit. Infrequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded at Copahue since the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions from the crater lake have ejected pyroclastic rocks and chilled liquid sulfur fragments. The previous eruption in June 2011 of Chile's Puyehue volcano interfered with air travel in much of the southern cone of South America and as far away as Australia. (GVN/GVP)

CHILE - Laguna del Maule volcano - Descabezado Grande volcano

March 9th, 2013

As of the 8th of March, following important changes of the geophysical parameters, SERNAGEOMIN and ONEMI raised to the alert level to yellow for this volcanic field. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 1-28 February seismicity increased at Descabezado Grande, in the Laguna del Maule volcanic complex area. There were 127 earthquakes detected, with magnitudes 1.7 or less, mostly comprised of volcano-tectonic earthquakes. The seismic swarms were associated with deformation and considered to beat a high level.
The 15 x 25 km wide Laguna del Maule caldera contains a cluster of small stratovolcanoes, lava domes, and pyroclastic cones of Pleistocene-to-Holocene age. The caldera lies mostly on the Chilean side of the border, but partially extends into Argentina. Fourteen Pleistocene basaltic lava flows were erupted down the upper part of the Maule river valley. A cluster of Pleistocene cinder cones was constructed on the NW side of the Maule lake, which occupies part of the northern portion of the caldera. The latest activity produced an explosion crater on the east side of the lake and a series of Holocene rhyolitic lava domes and blocky lava flows that surround Laguna del Maule. Volcán Descabezado Grande is a late-Pleistocene to
Holocene andesitic-to-rhyodacitic stratovolcano with a 1.4-km-wide ice-filled summit crater. Along with 3788-m-high Cerro Azul, only 7 km to the south, 3953-m-high Descabezado Grande lies at the center of the
volcanic field. A lateral crater that formed on the upper NNE flank in 1932, shortly after the end of the major 1932 eruption from nearby Quizapu volcano on the north flank of Cerro Azul, was the site of the only
historical eruption of Descabezado Grande.

CHILE - Lascar volcano

April 6th, 2013

OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that during March a web camera monitoring Láscar recorded white gas plumes rising 600 m above the crater. At night during 2-4 April incandescence from the crater was observed. On 3 April increased emissions from the crater fluctuated from white to gray, indicating possible ash. Plumes rose 320 m and drifted SE. Seismicity remained at normal levels during the increased emissions. On 5 April the Alert Level was raised to Yellow. Lascar is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes. The andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano contains six overlapping summit craters and lies 5 km W of an older, higher stratovolcano, Volcán Aguas Calientes. Lascar consists of two major edifices; activity began at the eastern volcano and then shifted to the western cone. The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago, and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago, activity shifted back to the eastern edifice, where three overlapping craters were formed. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century, along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ashfall hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows that extended up to 8.5 km NW of the summit. (GVN/GVP)

*************************************************************************************************************************

JAPAN - Suwanose-Jima volcano (Ryukyu Islands)

March 8th, 2012

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 6 March. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 6 February. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 12 January. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported. Based on a pilot observation, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 14 October an ash plume from Suwanose-jima rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery.Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 12 September. That same day an eruption produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.Based on a pilot observation, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 14 July an ash plume from Suwanose-jima rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Suwanose-jima on 3 May. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Suwanose-jima on 12 April produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Suwanose-jima during 19-20 March. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 15 March. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 3 March. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Suwanose-jima on 9 and 14 February. Details of a possible resulting plume were not reported. Suwanose-Jima, one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from On-take, the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted nearly a half century. The largest historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, after which the island was uninhabited for about 70 years. The SW crater produced lava flows that reached the western coast in 1813, and lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884.

JAPAN - Sakurajima volcano

May 22nd, 2013

JMA reported that during 13-17 May Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had 13 explosions ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 15, 17-18, and 20-21 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and W. On 21 May a pilot observed an
ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. JMA reported that during 7-10 May eight explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra that fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on most days during 8-14 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-4.3 km (7,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. During 9 and 13-14 May pilots observed ash plumes rising to altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting N, NW, and W. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1-6 April explosions from Sakura-jima generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. A pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 3 April. Another ash plume observed by a pilot rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S on 5 May. JMA reported that during 22-25 April four explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on a pilot report, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes drifted NE and SE at altitudes of 2.7-3 km (9,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. during 24-25 April. Explosions on 26 and during 28-29 April produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NE. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 17 April an eruption from Sakura-jima produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. JMA reported that three large eruptions from Showa Crater occurred during 19-22 April and ejected tephra at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was detected at night. JMA reported that occasional very small eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred during 8-12 April. Crater incandescence was detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 13 April an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. JMA reported that during 1-5 April three explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on a pilot report, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an ash plume drifted N on 4 April. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 28 March and 1 April generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. JMA reported that during 29 March-1 April four explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra at most 1.3 km from the crater. JMA reported that during 18-22 March nine explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 20-22 and 25 March generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. A pilot observed an ash plume that drifted E at an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. on 20 March. JMA reported that 16 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 11-15 March, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 13 and 15-19 March generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, NE, and N. On 15 and 17 March pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. ( photos and video ) Sakura-Jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous pyroclastic flow was associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-Jima began about 13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Sakurajima webcam

***********************************************************************************************************************

USA - Kilauea volcano ( Hawaian islands)

May 22nd, 2013

During 15-21 May HVO reported that the circulating lava lake occasionally rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash, spatter, and Pele's hair onto nearby areas. At Pu'u 'O'o Crater, glow emanated from three spatter cones and a small lava pond on the E part of the crater floor. Lava from base of Pu'u 'O'o cone traveled N and was named the Kahauale'a II flow. Peace Day activity, fed by lava tubes extending from Pu'u 'O'o, consisted of lava flows active on the coastal plain that were entering the ocean at a location outside the National Park boundary. As of the 17th of may, HVO reported that at the summit, tiltmeters recorded slowing DI deflationary tilt and the lava lake level continued to drop but at a slower rate. At Pu`u `O`o vent in the middle east rift zone, there was no new activity within the crater but lava flows remained active on the north base of the cone. To the southeast, the Peace Day pali flow remained active on the coastal plain while the main flow branch continued to enter the ocean in at least 2 locations spanning the Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park boundary. Gas emissions remained elevated. During 8-14 May HVO reported that the circulating lava lake occasionally rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash, spatter, and Pele's hair onto nearby areas. At Pu'u 'O'o Crater, glow emanated from three spatter cones and a small lava pond on the E part of the crater floor. Lava from the E lava pond traveled down the N, NE, E, and S flanks, extending beyond the base of Pu'u 'O'o cone. During 10-11 May the SW spatter cone erupted lava, and during 11-12 May the SE spatter cone also produced flows. Peace Day activity, fed by lava tubes extending from Pu'u 'O'o, consisted of lava flows active on the pali and on the coastal plain. Lava also entered the ocean in at least two locations spanning the National Park boundary. As of the 10th of May, HVO reported that conditions of unrest have increased slightly: At the summit, there was general inflation with a rising lava lake, clusters of earthquakes south of Halema`uma`u and spread out across the south flank, and an increase in microseismicity in the upper east rift zone. At Pu`u `O`o vent in the middle east rift zone, inflation continued and lava flows advanced down the flank of the cone to the northeast and north approximately along the track of the now-dead Kahauale`a flow. The Peace Day pali flow progressed across the coastal plain while the main flow branch continued to enter the ocean in at least 2 locations spanning the Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park boundary. Gas emissions remained elevated. During 1-7 May HVO reported that the circulating lava lake occasionally rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash, spatter, and Pele's hair onto nearby areas. At Pu'u 'O'o Crater, glow emanated from three spatter cones and a small lava pond on the E part of the crater floor. Small lava flows issued from the N spatter cone on 1 May and from the SW cone on 2 May. The lava pond overflowed during 3-4 and 6-7 May. Peace Day activity, fed by lava tubes extending from Pu'u 'O'o, consisted of lava flows active above the pali SE of Pu'u 'O'o, on the pali, and on the coastal plain. Lava also entered the ocean in at least two locations spanning the National Park boundary. On 3 May a breakout on the top of the pali produced a lava flow that traveled down to the coastal plain in about 1 hour. Branches from the flow advanced during 4-6 May. As of the 3rd of May, HVO reported that no significant changes: at the summit, the lava lake remained steady. At Pu`u `O`o vent in the middle east rift zone, the usual sources glowed overnight within the crater with a minor lava flow issuing from the southwest spatter cone in the early afternoon yesterday and a brief east pond overflow early this morning; to the southeast, the Peace Day flow entered the ocean at several locations that produced two gas plumes spanning the Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park boundary. Gas emissions remained elevated. During 24-30 April HVO reported that the circulating lava lake periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash, spatter, and Pele's hair onto nearby areas. At Pu'u 'O'o Crater, glow emanated from three spatter cones, a small lava pond on the crater floor, and cracks in a recently emplaced lava flow on the crater floor. Small lava flows issued from the SW spatter cone on 24 April. On 28 April lava gushed from the N spatter cone for more than 2.5 hours, covering the N portion of the crater floor. A second flow was observed on 29 April. Peace Day activity, fed by lava tubes extending from Pu'u 'O'o, consisted of lava flows active above the pali SE of Pu'u 'O'o, on the pali, and on the coastal plain. Lava also entered the ocean at two or three locations spanning the National Park boundary. During 17-23 April HVO reported that the circulating lava lake periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash, spatter, and Pele's hair onto nearby areas. At Pu'u 'O'o Crater, glow emanated from three spatter cones and a small lava pond on the crater floor. Just before midnight on 19 April a vigorous lava flow gushed out of the N spatter cone and quickly covered the N portion of the crater floor, then went over the E rim. The lava pond on the NE crater's edge. briefly overflowed. On 21 April the two spatter cones on the S portion of the crater floor produced lava flows. Two lava flows (Peace Day and Kahauale'a) were fed by lava tubes extending from Pu'u 'O'o. Multiple lava flows from the NE spatter cone, collectively called the Kahauale'a flow, stopped advancing on 20 April, although a few breakout lava flows were observed during 20-22 April. Peace Day activity consisted of lava flows active above the pali (5 km SE of Pu'u 'O'o), on the pali, and on the coastal plain. Lava also entered the ocean at two or three locations spanning the National Park boundary..As of the 19th of April, HVO reported that there were no significant changes. DI inflation and a rising, circulating lava lake were the action at the summit of Kilauea volcano while the Pu`u `O`o vent in the middle east rift zone fed two lava flows: the Kahauale`a lava flow, which was weakly active about 5 km to the northeast on older Pu`u `O`o flows, and the Peace Day flow, which extended more than 10 km to the southeast and was entering the ocean in two main locations spanning the National Park boundary. Gas emissions remained elevated. During 10-16 April HVO reported that the circulating lava lake periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash, spatter, and Pele's hair onto nearby areas. January 2013 marked the 30 th anniversary of Kilauea's East Rift Zone eruption, which began on January 3, 1983, and continues today. The Webcam images, which are updated every five minutes, can be accessed at : http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hvo/cams/NCcam/ . From HVO - Near real-time web cam Pu'u'O'o. Halemaumau webcam

*************************************************************************************************************************

U.S.A. - Mauna Loa ( Hawaii)

January 12th, 2013

No recent news about Mauna Loa since 2010 - News 2010 - As of the 11th of January, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) has reported there has been no recent significant change in line length across the summit or the flanks of Mauna Loa as measured by GPS receivers on opposite sides of the volcano. Tiltmeters have recorded no significant changes other than abrupt offsets that are related to instrumental issues, severe weather, or significant earthquakes. Sensors within a fissure in Moku`aweoweo crater floor reported gas concentrations within normal values; fumarole temperatures continued to slowly decrease. Line lengths have been increasing at a slightly faster rate since September, 2008,due mostly to slippage on basalt faults beneath Mauna Loa's east flank and not to an increase in magma supply to the volcano. Tiltmeters have recorded no significant changes other than abrupt offsets that are related to instrumental issues. Diurnal tilt, or the tilting due to daily heating and cooling of the ground, was diminished by snowfall starting Christmas Eve, 2008. Sensors within a crack in Moku`aweoweo crater floor continued to record background gas concentrations and temperatures. Since the beginning of January, 2005, HVO analysts have rarely located more than 10 earthquakes per week beneath Mauna Loa summit. Each week, 1-5 earthquakes are also located beneath the Kealakekua area of west Mauna Loa. These levels are typical of the past several years. The Kao`iki seismic zone between Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcano summits remained active with an average of about 10-40 earthquakes per week; these numbers may reflect increased seismic activity nearer Kilauea summit rather than increased Kao`iki activity.

**************************************************************************************************************************

USA - Cleveland volcano (Alaska)

May 22nd, 2013

AVO reported that during 14-15 and 18-19 May elevated surface temperatures over Cleveland were observed in satellite images. Clouds obscured views during 16 and 20-21 May. Satellite image analysis revealed that a small lava flow had breached the SE rim of the summit crater and traveled as far as1.5 km down the flank. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Cleveland Volcano remained active during the past week 10-17 May. During clear satellite views, vigorous steam plumes and elevated surface temperatures were observed. Re-analysis of earlier images revealed that a small lava flow had breached the southeast rim of the summit crater and extended up to about 1.5 km down the flank.AVO reported that during 8-9 May no further explosions had been detected at Cleveland based on regional infrasonic data. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations of the crater. Clear satellite views revealed vigorous steam plumes during 10-11 May and thermal anomalies during 10-14 May. On 14 May AVO noted that analysis of recent satellite imagery revealed a 100-m-wide lava flow, breaching the SE rim of the summit crater, and extending about 1.5 km down the SE flank. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. As of the 6th of may, AVO reported that low-level eruption at Cleveland volcano continues. Explosions were detected at 11:23 PM AKDT 5 May (7:23 UTC 6 May) and 08:00 AM AKDT 6 May (16:00 UTC) by the Okmok network, 120 km (80 mi) to the northeast. Overall however infrasonic data suggest that the eruption may have waned since yesterday. The volcano is obscured by clouds in satellite data, but a thermal anomaly continues to be visible. As of the 4th of may, AVO reported that the current eruption of Cleveland Volcano, which began with an explosion on the morning at 5:00 AM AKDT (13:00 UTC), has transitioned into a continuous low-level eruption. The activity is characterized by long duration airwave signals measured on the nearby Okmok seismic network, 120 km (80 mi) to the northeast. Larger discrete explosions occurred at roughly 5:00 AM, 9:17 AM, and 11:44 AM AKDT (13:00, 17:17, and 1944 UTC). Satellite and webcam data suggest continuous low-level emissions of gas, steam, and minor amounts of ash over the past several hours with a faint plume extending eastward below 15,000 ft. Satellite data also show highly elevated surface temperatures at the summit. AVO reported that during 6-7 March clouds obscured satellite views of Cleveland's lava dome. On 8 March AVO noted that the lava dome had remained unchanged since 6 February, and the last thermal anomalies were observed on 26 February. Although cloud cover often prevents observations of the dome, clear views between 1 and 5 March verified no changes. The Volcanic Alert Level was lowered to Advisory and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow. AVO reported that during 27 February-5 March clouds obscured satellite views of Cleveland's lava dome. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. AVO reported that during 20-26 February clouds obscured satellite views of Cleveland's lava dome. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. AVO reported that during 12-15 February elevated surface temperatures from Cleveland's lava dome were detected in satellite images. Clouds obscured views of the dome during 16-19 February. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. On 6 February AVO reported that satellite imagery acquired on 30 January indicated that a lava dome had grown in Cleveland's summit crater, prompting AVO to raise the Volcanic Alert Level to Watch and the Aviation Color Code to Orange. The dome was about 100 m in diameter and may have begun forming as early as 24 January when elevated surface temperatures were observed in satellite images. The size and shape of the dome appeared to be unchanged based on satellite data acquired on 2 February. Elevated surface temperatures from the lava dome were detected during 5-6 and 8-11 February. The 1730-m-high Mt. Cleveland is the highest of the Islands of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian Islands. The native name for Mt. Cleveland, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire, who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend the steep-sided flanks of the volcano. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Cleveland (Miller et al., 1998). In 1944 Cleveland produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian eruption. Recent eruptions from Mt. Cleveland have been characterized by short-lived explosive ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down the flanks.

************************************************************************************************************************

USA - Iliamna volcano (Alaska)

January 10th, 2013

On 9 January, AVO reported that unrest at Iliamna had decreased over the past several months, reaching background levels. The Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Normal and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green. The report also noted that occasional small earthquakes had continued, but at a greatly reduced rate and magnitude relative to the peak of unrest in March 2012. Steam and sulfur gas emissions continued to be observed from sites near the summit during periods of favorable meteorological conditions, not unusual at Iliamna. Previously,AVO reported that during 24-30 October 2012 seismicity at Iliamna remained slightly elevated. Clear satellite and web camera views showed nothing unusual. The Alert Level remained at Advisory and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow. As of the 15th of June, AVO reported that seismic activity at Iliamna Volcano continue slightly above background, and nothing unusual has been observed in satellite or web camera images during clear periods. Seismic activity at Iliamna Volcano has been slightly above background throughout the past week. Nothing unusual was observed in mostly clear web camera and satellite images during the week from 12th to 18th of May. AVO has received no reports of unusual activity at the volcano.Seismic activity at Iliamna Volcano remains slightly above background, and the rate of seismic activity has declined over recent weeks. Nothing unusual was observed in web camera and cloudy satellite images over the past 24 hours. As of the 6th of April seismic activity at Iliamna Volcano remains slightly above background. Intermittent clear web camera and satellite views over the past week show no unusual activity.The current activity at Iliamna does not indicate an imminent or certain eruption. A similar seismic swarm at Iliamna in 1996-1997 was not followed by eruptive activity. Iliamna is a prominent, 3053-m-high glacier-covered stratovolcano in Lake Clark National Park on the western side of Cook Inlet, about 225 km SW of Anchorage. Its flat-topped summit is flanked on the south, along a 5-km-long ridge, by the prominent North and South Twin Peaks, satellitic lava dome complexes. The Johnson Glacier dome complex lies on the NE flank. Steep headwalls on the southern and eastern flanks expose an inaccessible cross-section of the volcano. Major glaciers radiate from the summit, and valleys below the summit contain debris-avalanche and lahar deposits. Only a few major Holocene explosive eruptions have occurred from the deeply dissected volcano, which lacks a distinct crater. Most of the reports of historical eruptions may represent plumes from vigorous fumaroles east and SE of the summit, which are often mistaken for eruption columns (Miller et al., 1998). Eruptions producing pyroclastic flows have been dated at as recent as about 300 and 140 years ago (into the historical period), and elevated seismicity accompanying dike emplacement beneath the volcano was recorded in 1996.

U.S.A. - Pavlof volcano (Aleutian Islands)

May 24th, 2013

The eruption of Pavlof continues at low levels today. Small discrete events, likely indicative of small explosions continue to be detected on seismic and pressure sensor networks over the past 24 hours. Seismic tremor declined markedly on Tuesday morning and has not resumed. Cloudy conditions obscured satellite observations of the volcano over the past 24 hours but a pilot report and photos from yesterday afternoon showed a very weak steam and gas plume with little to no ash issuing from the vent. Elevated surface temperatures were observed in satellite images, even through cloud cover, indicative of continued activity. During 18-19 May a narrow plume of steam, ash, and gas, occasionally rising up to 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l., and drifting southeast, was visible in satellite images. Pilot reports indicated that lava fountaining and ash emission continued. Overnight, trace amounts of ash fell on the community of Sand Point. During the afternoon on 19 May pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.6-6.7 km (15,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. Trace amounts of ash fell in Nelson Lagoon, 78 km NNE, during 19-20 May. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. A news article stated that on 20 May a regional airline canceled about a dozen flights to several remote communities, including Sand Point. Another
regional airline canceled a few flights, but mostly re-routed flights. On 21 May AVO reported that a low-level plume of steam, gas, and ash occasionally rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NNE. Trace amounts of ash again fell in Nelson Lagoon. On 16 May lava fountaining at the summit was observed and photographed, and a continuous ash, steam, and gas cloud extended downwind 50-100 km at an
altitude of about 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. Satellite images showed persistent elevated surface temperatures at the summit and on the NW flank, commensurate with the summit lava fountaining and resulting lava flow.
Pavlof Volcano began erupting following an increase of seismic activity on the morning of May 13. Seismic tremor and intense elevated surface temperatures heralded the onset of lava fountaining from a vent high on the north flank, which immediately began supplying a lava flow that advanced down the northwest flank. Lava contact with ice and snow produced voluminous steam and ash plumes readily visible from the nearby communities of Cold Bay and Sand Point. Incandescence at the summit has been observed during clear nighttime views of the volcano. Satellite images and aerial photographs show several debris-laden meltwater flows down the northwest flank and possibly into drainages heading at the base of that flank. Continuous steam, ash, and gas clouds, occasionally up to 20,000 ft. above sea level, have been carried downwind to the northeast, east, and southeast as much as 100 km before dissipating. A light ashfall was reported the evening of May 14 in a mining camp 80 km northeast of the volcano. No other nearby communities have reported ash fall. Seismic activity remains elevated with nearly continuous tremor recorded on the local seismic network. Although the activity to date has been characterized by relatively low-energy lava fountaining and gas emission, more energetic explosions could occur without warning at any time that could place ash clouds above 20,000 ft. AVO reported that on 13 May seismicity at Pavlof increased at 0800 commensurate with the presence of an intense thermal anomaly at the summit observed in satellite imagery. Several spikes in seismicity occurred between 0900 and 1000. AVO noted that similar patterns of seismicity and elevated surface temperatures have previously signaled the onset of eruptive activity at Pavlof. Although not yet visually confirmed at the time of the report, a low-level eruption of lava had likely begun from a summit vent. No ash clouds were detected. The Volcanic Alert Level was increased Watch and the Aviation Color Code was increased Orange. On 14 May pilot reports and satellite images confirmed activity; a spatter-fed lava flow advanced about 0.5 km down the N flank. Minor steam-and-ash emissions from the summit were visible from Cold Bay (60 km SW). The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a 2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavolf, is a smaller volcano on the SW flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically producing strombolian to vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption of Pavlof took place in 1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode; a fissure opened on the northern flank of the volcano, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.(AVO)

******************************************************************************

ITALY - Etna volcano ( Sicily)

April 28th, 2013

The 13th episode of lava fountaining (paroxysm) of this year at Etna's New Southeast Crater took place on the evening of 27 April 2013, one week after the previous episode, and after a "prelude" characterized by Strombolian activity and frequent ash emissions. which had started already on 21 April, just one day after the 20 April paroxysm. After a gradual increase in both the eruptive activity and in the volcanic tremor amplitude, which had started on the evening of 26 April, the paroxysmal phase began shortly after sunset on 27 April, with lava fountains 300-500 m high, emission of lava flows from the southeastern and northeastern flanks of the New Southeast Crater cone and from the "saddle" between the two Southeast Crater cones, forming small lava flows toward south and north. A portion of the eastern flank of the cone collapsed, generating a pyroclastic flow, which advanced about 1 km toward the Valle del Bove. Furthermore, a cloud of gas and pyroclastic material formed, which was blown by the wind to the northeast, resulting in ash and lapilli falls in the area of Linguaglossa, and more distant Taormina and Messina. The paroxysmal phase lasted about 2 hours; lava emission toward southeast continued for many hours and ceased during the forenoon of 28 April. Since the last paroxysm, eruptive activity continued with strombolian explosions. but the volcanic tremor decreased during the past days. INGV reported that a new episode of lava fountaining (paroxysm) has taken place on the afternoon of 20 April 2013 at Etna's New Southeast Crater (NSEC), the 12th event of this type within two months. Explosive activity had resumed on 19 April, less than 24 hours after the end of the previous paroxysm. During the night of 19-20 April, the explosive activity switched to quiet, non-explosive emission of lava from the eruptive fissure at the southeastern base of the NSEC cone, which had opened a the end of the 12 April paroxysm but remained inactive during the subsequent paroxysm on 18 April. During the day of 20 April, effusive activity continued, but explosive phenomena were virtually absent until about 15:00 GMT (=local time -2), when violent explosions started, which rapidly passed into a lava fountain accompanied by the formation of an eruption column. The lava fountains reached heights of 800-1000 m above the crater, whereas the cloud of pyroclastic material expanded toward east-southeast, leading to heavy falls of ash and lapilli over the areas of Zafferana Etnea, Milo, Santa Venerina and further downslope, in the area of Giarre. A well-fed lava flow expanded down the western slope of the Valle del Bove, locally interacting with residual patches of snow, which resulted in the formation of lahars and ground-hugging steam and ash clouds, a phenomenon seen several times during previous paroxysms during the winter season on Etna. Lava fountaining continued for about one hour, and then passed into sporadic explosions and ash emission between 16:15 and 16:25. The episode was essentially over by 16:40, although the lava flow is still showing movement and possibly is still being fed from its source vent (19:00 GMT on 20 April 2013). The 11th paroxysmal eruptive episode of the year 2013 at Etna's New Southeast Crater occurred on the early afternoon of the 18th of April, with lava fountains, a lava flow directed into the Valle del Bove, and a column of ash and lapilli that expanded south-southwestward. The phase of lava fountaining was followed by a long series of powerful explosions, with detonations audible as far as Catania; this activity essentially ceased in the late afternoon. On the evening of 16 April 2013, mild explosive activity resumed at Etna's New Southeast Crater, with ash emissions and small Strombolian explosions. This activity continued, with minor fluctuations until the early morning of 18 April, when the intensity and frequency of the explosions started to increase. At (07:30 GMT [=local time -2] on 18 April), Strombolian activity was nearly continuous, and the volcanic tremor amplitude was showing a gradual increase.  According to preliminary news from INGV, a new eruptive episode (paroxysm) - the 10th of the year 2013 - occurred during the late forenoon of 12 April 2013 at Etna's New Southeast Crater, with lava fountains and a tall eruption column heavily charged with pyroclastics (ash and scoriaceous lapilli). Lava flows were emitted from the "saddle" area between the two Southeast Crater cone, toward south and then southeast, from the New Southeast Crater itself toward southeast, and from vents on the northeast side of the cone. Eruptive activity started on the afternoon of 8 April with L'attività è iniziata nel pomeriggio del 8 aprile 2013, with explosions that emitted ash; this activity continued until the afternoon of 10 April, and then passed into Strombolian explosions. On 11 April, this activity gradually incrased, and became almost continuous on the evening, with powerful explosions and loud detonations. A more detailed report will be posted here shortly . .After 18 days of quiescence, Etna's New Southeast Crater produced the 9th eruptive episode (paroxysm) of this year on the afternoon of 3 April 2013, with lava fountains and powerful explosions, emission of lava flows from its southern, southeastern and northeastern flanks, and generation of a tephra cloud, which once more was blown southeast by the wind, toward the population centers of Zafferana Etnea, Santa Venerina, and Acireale. The "prelude" to this episode started on the morning of 2 April with small ash emissions, and Strombolian activity during the following night. Following the day before strombolian explosions, on the morning of March 16, the activity was still in progress, characterized by continuous explosions ejectecting incandescent material to a few tens of meters above the crater. The intensity of the explosive activity, increased between 6:15 PM and 6:30 PM, the time interval in which the strombolian explosions evolved in lava fountains and a slow overflow began to went down the eastern flank of the cone. Between 6:30 PM and 6:45 PM lava fountaining has quickly reached its maximum intensity, with sustained lava fountains that rose during few moments to one kilometer height. That was the beginning of the eighth eruptive paroxysm at 8:13 PM, at the Southeast Crater. During this phase a dense column of sustained pyroclastic material has been transported by winds towards the southeastern side of the volcano.The activity was maintained constant for about 20 minutes. At around 7:05 PM (UTC +2) gradual decrease occurred in the intensity of the fountains and lava ceased at around 7:15 PM. Between 7:15 PM and 7:45 PM ??some bursts of large bubbles of gas launched volcanic bombs incandescent of metric dimensions in all directions. The final explosive activity ceased shortly before 8:00 PM. The slow mobilization of pyroclastic material deposited on the steep southern flank of the east cone of the SEC, generated a slow avalanche that went down to the base of the same cone. At 04:50 on 17 March, there has been a strong explosive sequence lasted only a few minutes. The main explosion has produced a plume of gas and ash that rose vertically on top of the volcano for several hundred meters and drifted by the winds to the east. There were no replicas phenomenon. This morning at the base of the South East ESA was visible a fumarole, at the eruptive fissure opened on 28 February ( FEBC ) which only produced gas emissions. At 01:50 AM, on March 18 there was no eruptive activity. Previously, as of the 16th of March Etnawalk reported that during the afternoon yesterday, March 15, the strombolian activity has resumed from the eastern Southeast Crater cone. Activity has gradually intensified over the course of hours, but bad weather prevented complete observation of phenomena. However, few before dawn, it was possible to see that the explosions were continuous and throwing incandescent material several hundred feet over the edge of the crater. Strong explosions have been reported at the foothills of the volcano. Day real-time signals of INGV observed, yesterday afternoon, a slow and gradual increase of the average of the volcanic tremor. As of the 6th of March, INGV reported that a new paroxysmal episode occured yesterday evening. The eruptive phase started around 7:55 PM (local time) with a strombolian activity from the saddle between the two Southeast cones and slighlthy increasing during the next hours still accompanied with the Voragine strombolian explosions. At about 11 PM, a new lava flow issuing from the same eruptive zone and went down toward the South. In the early morning, at about 0:20 AM the paroxysmal phase started from the new Southeast cone with an intense lava fountaining. Around 0:34 AM a second lava flow was emitted from the East base of the new Southeast cone (from the notch) and went down to the Valle del Bove. This short paroxysm ended at about 1:15 AM and both lava foutaining and lava emission stopped. As of the 1st of March, INGV reported that following the yesterday paroxysm, lava flows were still active on the morning. Activity at the Voragine was also continuing with explosive ejection of incandescent material. On the late forenoon of 28 February 2013, Etna's New Southeast Crater has produced yet another paroxysmal eruptive episode, which culminated with the opening of an eruptive fissure in the saddle between the old and new cones of the Southeast Crater. A lava flow emitted from this fissure reached the monitoring station of Belvedere and descended onto the western slope of the Valle del Bove. Pyroclastic material and gas formed a large plume, which was blown eastward, leading to heavy fallout of ash and scoriae in the area between Milo and Fornazzo on Etna's flank, and Giarre and Riposto on the Ionian coast. This paroxysm had been preceded during the night of 27-28 February by intense Strombolian activity both at the Voragine and at the Bocca Nuova. On the morning of 27 February 2013, an episode of strong Strombolian activity and small lava fountains started within Etna's Bocca Nuova. This event is very similar to the episodes observed at the same crater between mid-January and early February; however, explosive activity was also observed at the Voragine, which since 1999 had not produced any magmatic activity. As of the 25th of February, INGV reported that following the paroxyms eruptive activity was continuing this morning. A lava flow is still went down from above part of the eruptive fissure opened at the base of the new Southeast cone. On the evening of 23 February 2013, a new episode of lava fountaining occurred again at Etna's New Southeast Crater, two-and-a-half days after the previous episode from the same crater, and 36 hours after the latest eruptive episode in the summit area, which took place at the Bocca Nuova on the morning of 22 February. The 23 Febriary paroxysm was more intense than its predecessors, with lava fountains up to 600-800 m tall, and an eruption cloud charged with ash and scoriae that was blown northeastward by strong wind, whereas the lava volume this time is smaller than that of the previous episodes. The culminating phase of this episode lasted less than one hour. As of the 21st of February, INGV reported that the fourth episode of lava fountaining at Etna's New Southeast Crater in little more than 48 hours took place on the morning of 21 February 2013. The new paroxysm occurred at 2:45 AM; this new activity started with a lava flow from a fissure located at the East base of the new Southeast cone. Then strombolian activity started at 4:40 AM. From 5:52 AM , the eruptive activity increased and an important overflowing occurred from the new Southeast cone generating a large lava flow toward the Valle Del Bove It's the fourth eruptive episode. Following the paroxysm during the early morning, a new increasing activity started the same day 20th of february at 11:56 AM characterized by ash venting from the new southeast cone. Around 2:07 PM the eruptive plume rose permanently from the cone. The rapid succession of three paroxysmal eruptive episodes in less than 36 hours is quite notable; the only known historic precedent of three paroxysms occurring in such a short time interval at Etna was the series of eruptive episodes in 2000. At that time, especially during the first few weeks of that series, in February 2000, paroxysmal episodes would occur sometimes at a rate of up to three per day. As of the 20th of February, INGV reported that in the early morning hours of 20 February 2013; southeast Crater has produced the second episode of lava fountaining within less than 24 hours, emitting an ash plume toward southeast, lava flows from the fissure cutting the southeastern crater rim and also from a new eruptive fissure, which opened on the lower southwestern flank of the cone, and small lahars. The last time that Etna produced two paroxysms in less than 24 hours was on 1 June 2000. Yesterday, during the early morning hours of 19 February 2013, Etna's New Southeast Crater produced a first lava fountaining episode, the first event of this kind since the paroxysm on 24 April 2012. During the preceding days, the same crater had been the site of intermittent, weak Strombolian activity. Following the increasing of the strombolian explosions, lava fountaining started around 4:40 AM and culminated to about 5:30 AM. A lava flow emission started around 4:45 AM and went down slowly toward the Valle Del Bove, reaching 2600 m elevation (North Sierra Giannicola Picola) around 6:30 AM. Previously, volcanologists visited Etna on 5 February and observed the recent changes that had taken place at Bocca Nuova Crater, notably the growth of a pyroclastic cone surrounding the eruptive vent in the SE portion of the crater. This cone had grown at least 50-70 m, about halfway up the inner crater wall, and was leaning into the wall. The entire crater floor was covered with recent lava. Later in the evening of 5 February a webcam recorded weak Strombolian activity at NSEC, which continued until daybreak the next day, and then became invisible due to deteriorating weather conditions. Seismic data showed an instantaneous increase of tremor at 1020; volcanic tremor amplitude rose to a peak within a few minutes after the start of the activity, and began to descend after less than one hour. People in the ski area on the NE flank of the volcano briefly saw a dense but ash-free gas plume rising from the summit. After the episode on 6 February through most of 8 February sporadic ash emissions from NSEC were observed, although poor weather conditions often prevented observations. On the evening of 8 February weak glow from NSEC was intermittently visible. At 2100 a webcam recorded fluctuating glow from within Bocca Nuova which became more intense over the next 10 minutes. Around 2125 jets of incandescent lava were repeatedly seen rising above a thick blanket of clouds drifting over the summit area of Etna. Contemporaneously, the volcanic tremor amplitude rose sharply. After 2200 the volcanic tremor amplitude began to decrease, whereas the eruptive activity continued without showing signs of diminishing until about 30 minutes later. After 2230 on 8 February and during 9-10 cloud cover prevented observations. A brief ash emission was observed on 10 February. As of the 2nd of February, INGV reported that a new explosive activity occurred at 2:59 AM on the early morning characterized by strombolian explosions from the summit of the new Southeast cone. Few hours later at 4:30 AM strombolian activity started from the Bocca Nuova crater. Following the beginning of the activity from the Bocca Nuova, explosions from the new Southeast cone decreased and stopped at about 5:50 AM. Strombolian activity continued from the Bocca Nuova and slighly dropped in the morning. As of the 31st of January, INGV reported that following an increasing of the tremor, strombolian explosions started from Bocca Nuova during the night 30th to 31st of January. Some explosions ejected blocs and incandescent volcanic bombs that rose to about many tens meters above the crater rim and were falling on the South part of the Bocca Nuova. As of the 29 th of January, INGV reported that the activity at the Bocca Nuova stopped at about 11 PM. As of the 28th of January INGV reported that activty slightly increased from the Bocca Nuova on the morning at about 9.20 AM. This activity characterized by ash and gas venting was continuing over the day. Also, some glowing was visible in the late of the afternoon.As of the 18th of January, INGV reported that a new short eruptive phase occurred between 5 PM and 10:30 PM from the Bocca Nuova. This activity was accompanied by a volcanic tremor. As of the 16th of January, INGV reported that following a short stop, a brief but significant explosive activity started at about 6:56 PM. Due to bad meteorological condition no direct observation was possible, but red glowing was visible above the summit zone. As of the 15th of January, INGV reported that the intense Strombolian activity within Etna's Bocca Nuova, which started early on 10 Jnuary 2013, continued for five days and then ended during the early morning hours of 15 January. At night during the past few days, in conditions of good visibility, the activity was well visible from population centers around the volcano; often the jets of incandescent bombs rose many tens of meters above the crater rim. On the evening of 14 January, the activity was particularly intense, with jets that reached about 100 m above the crater rim As of the 11th of January, INGV reported that strombolian activity is still continuing from the Bocca Nuova crater. Tremor signal remains at a high level. (webcam).Three months after the latest episode of intracrater Strombolian and effusive activity of Etna's Bocca Nuova, vigorous Strombolian activity started during the night of 9-10 January 2013. Starting around 23:00 GMT (=local time -1) on 9 January, the INGV-Osservatorio Etneo seismic surveillance network showed a rapid rise in the volcanic tremor amplitude, in particular at the "ECPN" (Etna Cratere del Piano) station, which among the currently functioning stations station is the one closest to Bocca Nuova. At 23:10 GMT, the high-sensitivity visual surveillance camera on the Montagnola (EMOH) recorded a first brief, and weak burst of incandescence coming from the eastern part of the crater. This was followed by others, which progressively became stronger and more frequent. From 02:50 GMT on, jets of incandescent lava fragments began to rise significantly higher than the crater rim, producing also small anomalies in images recorded by the thermal surveillance camera on the Montagnola (EMOT). The images at left show some of these jets, which between 04:00 and 05:30 GMT reached heights of 50-80 m above the crater rim. With daylight, the phenomenon was no longer visible via the surveillance cameras; however, throughout the morning the volcanic tremor amplitude remained elevated but started to show a diminution around noon. This crater has been erupting intermittently since July 2011, and more vigorously so since July 2012; the latest episode of Strombolian activity and intracrater lava flows was in early October 2012. . www.ct.ingv.it . Live cam Etna - Etna monitoring page

*************************************************************************************************************************

ITALY - Stromboli volcano (Eolian Islands)

April 18th , 2013

A new episode of spattering and low lava fountaining started on the afternoon of 17 April 2013 at the small cone sitting on the northwestern rim of the crater terrace, producing a well-fed lava overflow onto the northwestern portion of the Sciara del Fuoco. Differently from earlier communications, the lava flow has not reached the shore at the base of the Sciara del Fuoco, but the active lava flow front currently are at about 500 m elevation. As of 07:30 GMT on 13 April 2013, the activity is continuing without significant variations. A second episode of lava overflow started on the evening of 1 March and ceased the next afternoon. Both overflows were fed by continuous spattering from vent N2, which lies at the top of a hornito perched on the N rim of the crater terrace. As of the 28th of February, INGV reported that the lava overflow from the crater terrace, which began on the afternoon of 27 February, ceased during the late evening of the same day. Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that a new phase of intermittent effusive activity at Stromboli, which consisted of small overflows of lava from the crater terrace, began on 8 February and continued until the morning of 17 February. During this interval several episodes of effusive activity occurred in the N and NW sectors of the Sciara del Fuoco, producing lava flows that traveled several tens to a few hundred meters. Lava overflows ceased on the afternoon of 10 February, but effusive activity resumed in the early morning hours of the next day. On the afternoon of 11 February, three small lava flows were visible on the upper slope of the Sciara del Fuoco; the westernmost flow traveled a few hundred meters. That evening two of these flows remained active and continued to be fed until the morning of 12 February. The more westerly of the flows then stopped, whereas the flow traveling N continued until the early afternoon. After an interval of non-visibility due to inclement weather conditions, a new lava flow traveled NW in the evening of 12 February. This flow progressively diminished, but was still active at about 1100 on 13 February. On 9 February Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that after about three weeks of normal explosive activity, new, small lava overflows again occurred on Stromboli's crater terrace. The first overflow started in the morning of 8 February, producing a small lava flow that descended the upper NW slope of the Sciara del Fuoco, and ceased during the afternoon. The second overflow began shortly after midnight on 9 February and produced a lava flow that traveled N. Bad weather prevented surveillance video transmission after 0125; when the transmission resumed at 1000, the feeding of the lava flow had diminished, and the active flow front was retreating upslope, generating frequent rockfalls. In the late afternoon of 9 February lava effusion ceased altogether, but resumed once more during the early morning hours of 10 February, generating a small flow that slowly advanced downslope for a few tens of meters. The lava front continuously produced incandescent rockfalls. During the day, lava emission progressively diminished, and ceased completely in the late afternoon. As of the 18th of January, INGV reported that the volcano was still erupting with lava flows went down to the Sciara del Fuoco. There is no signs of stopping for the moment. At daybreak on 15 January, only a small lava flow was active, but on the afternoon the effusion rate once more increased, feeding a flow that was well visible at sunset. Around 04:20 GMT on 14 January, a second lava lobe developed next to the already active flow, but further to the north, reaching a length of about 100 m ; after one hour, the lobe was no longer fed and started cooling. The main lava flow, however, continued its downslope movement without significant variations, and around 06:20 GMT another overflow began to take the same path as the small lobe of 04:20 GMT. This time supply of lava to the flow was rather vigorous, forming a fan-shaped lobe (Fig. 6, top right), which descended rapidly next to the earlier main flow. During the daylight hours, interaction of hot material from the lava flow and sea water generated dense vapor clouds, mixed with ash generated by numerous small landslides; these phenomena reached their maximum intensity during the early afternoon. At dusk, three lava flows were active on the upper slope of the Sciara; of these, only one remained active on the late evening As of the 13th of january, INGV reported that on the late evening of 13 January, renewed lava effusion started to produce an overflow toward northwest, which continued in a pulsating manner through the night, intensifying notably after 03:30 GMT on 14 January. Since the morning of 23 December 2012, there have been repeated lava overflows from the crater terrace of Stromboli, generating small lava flows down the northern and northwestern sectors of the Sciara del Fuoco (see images below). Furthermore, the rapid accumulation of fluid spatter during intense explosive activity often generated small flows; these phenomena were accompanied by numerous landslides. The major lava flows occurred on the evening of 23 December (toward north), on 25-27 December 2012 (toward northwest), and on the morning of 7 January 2012 (toward northwest). Lava emission occurred from vents lying just below the rim of the northernmost explosive vent on the crater terrace. During the intervals between the main effusive episodes, lava was extruded at extremely low rates from the effusive vents, resulting in the descent of numerous incandescent blocks down the Sciara. At times, small lava flows advanced for a few tens of meters before disintegrating into blocks, such as on the morning of 10 January 2013 (see the last photo in the sequence below). In all cases, the effusion of lava was preceded, and often accompanied, by intense explosive activity on the crater terrace . e Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli volcano have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean."Stromboli, the NE-most of the Aeolian Islands, has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions throughout historical time. The small, 926-m-high island of Stromboli is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a horseshoe-shaped scarp formed as a result of slope failure that extends to below sea level and funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded at Stromboli since Roman
times.ww.ct.ingv.it

*************************************************************************************************************************

ICELAND - Hekla Volcano

April 2nd, 2013

On 29 March the Icelandic Meteorological Office noted that Hekla had been quiet the previous few days; no additional earthquakes had been detected since a period of increased seismicity during 10-26 March. The Icelandic Civil Defense continued to maintain a level of "uncertainty". The Icelandic Meteorological Office noted that since 10 March, at least seven micro-earthquakes at Hekla, ranging in size from M 0.4 to 1, had been detected within a small area about 4.5 km NE of the summit, at depths of 11-12 km. These earthquakes were high-frequency, suggestive of brittle fracturing rather than magma movement. At Hekla, such a clustering of earthquakes is unusual in between eruptions. Continuous measurements of borehole strain and ground-based GPS showed no changes in crustal deformation. On 26 March the Icelandic Meteorological Office increased the Aviation Colour Code from Green to Yellow, because of the increased seismic activity. Icelandic Civil Defense together with the Police in Hvolsvöllur had also declared a level of uncertainty for Hekla, although there were no observable signs that an eruption of Hekla was imminent. One of Iceland's most prominent and active volcanoes, Hekla lies near the southern end of the eastern rift zone. Hekla occupies a rift-transform junction, and has produced basaltic andesites, in contrast to the tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift zone volcanoes. Vatnafjöll, a 40-km-long, 9-km-wide group of basaltic fissures and crater rows immediately SE of Hekla forms a part of the Hekla-Vatnafjöll volcanic system. A 5.5-km-long fissure, Heklugjá, cuts across the 1491-m-high Hekla volcano and is often active along its full length during major eruptions. Repeated eruptions along this rift, which is oblique to most rifting structures in the eastern volcanic zone, are responsible for Hekla's elongated ENE-WSW profile. Frequent large silicic explosive eruptions during historical time have deposited tephra throughout Iceland, providing valuable time markers used to date eruptions from other Icelandic volcanoes. Hekla tephras are generally rich in fluorine and are consequently very hazardous to grazing animals. Extensive lava flows from Hekla's historical eruptions, which date back to 1104 AD, cover much of the volcano's flanks. (GVN7GVP)

************************************************************************************************************************

SPAIN - Hierro island (Canary)

April 2nd, 2013

On 18 March seismic activity at El Hierro sharply increased. Earthquakes were initially located around the NW tip of the island, at about 20 km depth, then later migrated W about 12-15 km offshore W of El Hierro Island, at similar depth. About 100 earthquakes of Mb 3.5 (body wave measurement) or greater had been located, many of them felt by residents. The biggest events occurred on 29 March (Mb 4.7) and 31 March (Mw 4.6, moment magnitude) both at 20 km depth. IGN's GPS data showed inflation of the island, with maximum deformation at the westernmost station of about 10 cm in the horizontal component and about 11 cm in the vertical. Deformation rates reached a maximum during 23-24 March. An increase in carbon dioxide
flux was observed in the W area. Rockfalls were reported on the steep slopes, especially during 26-29 March.
On the evening of 27 March the Plan de Protección Civil por Riesgo Volcánico (PEVOLCA) raised the Volcanic Alert Code for the population to Yellow, and closed the access to the W part of the island. As of the 2nd of January 2013, IGN and AVCAN reported that a serie of seismic events started on 31st of December accompanied by ground deformation of the North part of the island. Earthquakes were located at 17km depth close the North submarine wall of the El Golfo Caldera of avalanche. Previous news - The Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 11-17 July 2012 both seismic activity and deformation at El Hierro decreased. There were 87 seismic events located, most of them offshore SW of El Hierro Island at about 20 km depth. Only six earthquakes were M 2.7 or higher, and the maximum magnitude recorded was 3.4, corresponding to two events: 14 July at 1952 and 17 July at 0746. The deformation rate decreased, with maximum values of less than 1 cm in the horizontal components. On 11 July Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that seismic activity and deformation at Hierro had decreased since the previous week. During 4-10 July there were 650 seismic events located, most of them offshore SW of El Hierro Island at 20 km depth. The maximum magnitude recorded was 3.8, which occurred on 10 July at 0504, and 77 arthquakes were M 2.7 or higher. The total number of located events had reached more than 2,200 since the anomalous activity began on 24 June. The deformation during this period had maximum values of about 1.5 cm in the horizontal component and 1.5 cm of vertical displacement. As of the 27th of June, INVOLCAN posted data and figure showing the seismicity and carbon dioxide emissions from the HIE01 station at eruptive activity over the past year at El Hierro and they suggest that a brief increase in carbon dioxide emissions during April and early May of this year could be the precursory events for this new intrusion of magma, with the new seismicity showing magma is now on the move to the surface. However, the direct connection between the CO 2 spike (which coincided with a lull in seismicity) is still very unclear because as magma intrudes and rises, it can also loses dissolved gases like carbon dioxide, so an increase in CO 2 could be new (undegassed) magma being introduced into the magmatic system. Previously, Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 29 February-6 March the seismic amplitude detected by every IGN station in El Hierro remained at very low values. Neither water discoloration nor activity was observed on the sea surface over the emission area. On 5 March, the Scientific Committee stated that the submarine eruption was over, but the volcanic process that started on mid July 2011 had not finished. The Canary Islands Government lowered the Volcanic Alert Code from Red to Yellow, maintaining a maritime exclusion zone around the emission area. Thirty four seismic events were located, most of them in the central part of the island, extending offshore to the S. Depths of the hypocenters varied between 7 and 24 km, and magnitudes were 0.1-2.1 (twenty eight events were magnitudes equal to or greater than 1). One of these events was felt by residents and had a maximum intensity value of II (EMS-98). GPS data did not show persistent trends in any horizontal or vertical components.Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 22-28 February the seismic amplitude recorded at every IGN station on El Hierro Island remained at very low values. Weak and intermittent discoloration was observed on the sea surface over the emission area. Only once were emitted lava fragments observed during the reported period. One-hundred and seven seismic events were located, most of them in the central part of the island, with a few extending offshore to the S. Depths of the hypocenters varied between 8 and 20 km and magnitudes between 0.1 and 2.6 (46 events with magnitude 1 or greater). Three events were felt by residents with a maximum intensity value of III (EMS-98). GPS deformation analyses showed a slight trend to N in the stations located at the N of the island.(new IEO high definition image of the cones) Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 15-16 February the amplitude of the tremor showed very low values, and after 17 February the tremor signal could not be clearly recognized in the seismic records. Very weak and intermittent discoloration was observed in the emission area. By the end of the reported period, there was no clear instrumental evidence of continuous eruptive activity. One hundred and thirty-five seismic events were located, most of them in the central part of the island, with offshore events extending to the S. Depths of the hypocenters varied between 6 and 20 km and magnitudes between 0.2 and 2.5 (91 events with a magnitude equal or greater than 1). One event was felt by residents with a maximum intensity value of II (EMS-98). GPS data pointed to a slight uplift in some stations located at the N of the island. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 8-14 February the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The mean amplitude of the tremor remained low overall, but was variable. Very few emissions of lava fragments were observed over the vent area. Fifty seven seismic events were registered during this period, most of them located in the central part of the island, with offshore events extending to the S. Depths of the hypocenters varied mainly between 6 and 17 km and magnitudes between 0.6 and 2.2. GPS data pointed to a slight subsidence at some of the stations Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 1-7 February the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The amplitude of the tremor signal started to increase on 1 February around 0700, maintaining significant values until 6 February, when it dropped again to almost no signal. On 7 February the amplitude values increased for a few hours. Scarce emissions of lava fragments were observed over the vent area. Fifty seismic events were registered during this period, most of them located in the central part of the island, with offshore events extending mainly to the S. Three of them were felt by residents, with a maximum intensity value of III (EMS-98). Depths of the hypocenters varied between 6 and 23 km, and magnitudes between 0.6 and 3.2. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 25-31 January the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. Mean tremor amplitude maintained very low values during this report period. Frequent and persistent emissions of large steaming lava fragments were observed on the sea surface, some of them about 3 m wide. Seventy-eight seismic events were registered during this period, most of them located in the central part of the island, with offshore events extending primary to the S. Depths of the hypocenters varied between 10 and 23 km, and magnitudes between 0.4 and 2.8. Analyses of GPS deformation showed stability both in vertical and horizontal components. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 18-24 January the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. Mean tremor amplitude has oscillated considerably since 19 January, including abrupt changes from rather high values to periods of almost no tremor which lasted a few hours. Emissions of large steaming lava fragments were observed every day of this report period. Thirty-two seismic events were registered during this period, most of them located in the central part of the island, extending offshore to the S, at depths between 8 and 19 km with a maximum magnitude of 2.2. Analyses of GPS deformation showed stability both in vertical and horizontal components. As of the 20th of January, new bathymetric images were published. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 11-17 January, the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The mean amplitude of the tremor moderately increased during the week. Eighteen seismic events were located during this period, two of them felt by residents of the island. Most of the events were grouped in the central part of the island, extending offshore to the S, at depths between 6 and 29 km, with a maximum magnitude of 2.5. Analyses of GPS deformation showed stability both in vertical and horizontal components.Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 4-10 January, the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The mean amplitude of the tremor slightly increased during the week. During this period, large floating lava fragments were observed close to the vent area and generating steam. The production of these fragments was especially intense during 6-8 January. Nineteen seismic events were located during this period, most of them were grouped in the central part of the island, extending offshore to the S, at depths between 10 and 18 km, with a maximum magnitude of 2.0. GPS data analyses showed little deformation, with a trend to subsidence in the stations at the S of the island. Instituto Geográfic Nacional (IGN) reported that during 28 December-3 January, the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The tremor signal almost disappeared for a few hours on 28 December, after three hours with pulses every 30 seconds. The tremor amplitude started increasing again at approximately 16:35. Most of the days, large lava fragments and fine material could be observed on the emission area. Twenty-four seismic events were located during this period, most of them grouped in the central part of the island, extending offshore both to the N and S. The depth of most of these events ranged between 9 and 23 km, with a maximum magnitude of 2.5. GPS data analyses showed very little deformation, with a slight trend to the N in the stations located at the N of the island. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 21-27 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. The mean amplitude of the tremor signal remained stable during the week. Twelve seismic events were located during this period, most of them offshore, both to the N and S of the island, at depths between 12 and 26 km with a maximum magnitude of 2.8. GPS deformation data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components and trends to stability in the vertical component. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 14-20 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. During the beginning of the week, high-amplitude pulses were registered in the tremor signal every 5-10 minutes. On 15 December there were two long pulses around 7 minutes each, and after the second one the mean tremor amplitude values remained similar to those of previous weeks. Six seismic events were located during this period, both offshore to the N and inland, at depths between 3 and 22 km. GPS deformation data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components and deflation in the vertical component. As of the 16th of December, IGN reported that the amplitude tremor signal dropped yesterday from 7:30 PM but today morning re-increased to a moderate signal. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) noted that during 7-13 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island, with steaming lava fragments sporadically observed floating on the sea. During this period, the mean tremor amplitude oscillated between decreasing and increasing trends during the first days of the week, and since 10 December high-amplitude pulses occurred every 5-10 minutes. Only seven seismic events were located during this period, most of them offshore to the N of the island at depths of 17-23 km and with a maximum magnitude of 2.0. GPS data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components and trends to deflation in the vertical component. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 30 November–6 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island, with lava balloons sporadically observed floating on the sea. During this period, the mean tremor amplitude was similar to the previous week. Twenty-eight seismic events were located, most of them offshore to the N of the island at depths of 15-24 km and with a maximum magnitude of 2.8. Only one of these events was felt by residents at a maximum intensity value of II using EMS-98 (European macroseismic Scale). GPS data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components; the vertical component at stations located on the S and NE parts of the island showed subsidence. (webcam) .As of the 1st of December, IGN reported that a short phase of increasing activity (2 hours) in the morning generated new pillows lava at the sea surface. Few large size fragments could be observed floating simultaneously. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 23-29 November the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. During this period, the mean amplitude of the tremor showed a slight increase. (INVOLCAN) has created a new video channel for Hierro. As of the 28th of November IGN reported that from Sunday afternoon to Sunday evening the submarine activity increased and many pillows lava flotting at the sea surface were visible ( photo) however the eruptive tremor showed no significant change during this phase. On 26 November large steaming fragments of lava appeared intermittently floating over the emission center. On 27 November, the emissions were more intense and a few hundred fragments could be observed floating simultaneously, with mean dimensions between 0.5 and 2 m. Some samples of the fragments were collected from a ship near the emission area. During the period, 121 seismic events were located, most of them offshore to the N of the island at depths of 15-23 km and a maximum magnitude of 3.3. Seven of these events were felt by residents at a maximum intensity value of III using EMS-98 (European Macroseismic Scale). GPS data analyses trended towards stability in the horizontal components, while in the vertical component most of the stations showed subsidence while stations in the NE of the island also trended towards stability. As of the 23rd of November, Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 16-22 November the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. During this period, the amplitude of the tremor showed two rapid changes, a decrease in amplitude at 2200 on 17 November and an increase at 1710 on 19 November. Seismic amplitudes decreased between late 20 November and mid-day on 21 November, and then remained stable at values similar to those noted during 19-25 October. Superficial activity over the emission center was rare, characterized by alternating days without seawater discoloration and days where there was minor gas and tephra content in the water and persistent discoloration. During the period, 200 seismic events were located, most of them offshore to the N of the island at depths of 16-23 km and a maximum magnitude of 3.7. Seventeen of these events were felt by residents at a maximum intensity value of III using EMS-98 (European Macroseismic Scale). GPS data analyses showed little deformation in the horizontal components, while in the vertical component stations located in the N of the island showed uplift and the rest showed subsidence. (webcam) As of the 11th of November, IGN reported that the submarine activity close to the South of the Hierro island was still continuing without significant changes. But new fact is that during the past days many earthquakes also occurred to the North of the island, close to the Frontera village. This important seismic activity was accompanied by gas emissions from several fissures around the village. As of the 9th of November, IGN reported that the eruptive activity was still continuing. The eruptive tremor increased today in the La Restinga area. Yesterday, 8th of November 16 h GMT a gas bubble about 25 m high was observed at the sea surface. About 17GMT another gas bubble was visible. (video). Both was accompanied with a strong sulphur odor (H2S). Some of the most recent estimations published reported that the vent will be at about 70 m from the surface (?). Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) also reported that during 2-8 November the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. Tremor amplitude reached higher values than during previous weeks, getting closer to the values detected during 11-12 October, just after the beginning of the eruption. During 2-8 November, 364 seismic events were recorded, most of them located offshore to the N of the island, at depths of 16-23 km. The maximum magnitude was 4.4, and 32 of these events were felt by residents at a maximum intensity value of V using EMS-98 (European Macroseismic Scale). The total number of located events since 17 July was 11,294. GPS deformation analysis showed trends towards no deformation during the first days of the reported period, and a slight trend towards deformation to the S at the stations located on the N side of the island in the last days. Close to sunset on 5 November, big bubbles rose to the sea surface and ejected sea water and volcanic material a few meters above the water. Some new video images of the area shows small explosive plumes/jets from the ocean surface that suggest the eruption could be entering a Surtseyan phase (?). Volcano ash is to be expected while water can still get into the crater. As of the 4th of November, information reported that it seems that the eruption is gaining strength and power. The harmonic tremor on the seismometer located on the El Hierro Island it self has started to get saturated again. It also have been unconfirmed reports of the south fissure growing in size (?). As of the 3rd of November, the eruption continued. The first eruption vent that did open south of El Hierro Island has continued to erupt during the past days. As many web images can attest, the stains in the Atlantic Ocean persist, with a strong indication that at least limited degassing is occurring at the original vent sight. A new vent was imaged with sonar to show a new cone with an associated lava flow with almost the same morphology of the terrestrial scoria cones that are scattered on the island itself. Since yesterday, November 2nd, around 06:00 UTC the harmonic tremor has been increasing. During the past two weeks the earthquake activity have been growing in the North-west part of El Hierro Island. The largest earthquake so far took place this morning, it size was ML4.0 with the depth of 20 km. As of the 30th of October, IGN reported that the current tremor data now suggests that a new vent or vents could open up just outside north-west coast of El Hierro volcano island. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 26 October-1 November tremor continued to be registered by every seismic station on El Hierro Island; 540 seismic events were registered and located, and the mean amplitude increased slightly during the last two days. Most of the events were located offshore to the N of the island, at depths of 16-23 km. The maximum magnitude was 3.9, and 36 of the total events were felt by residents at a maximum intensity value of IV using EMS-98 (European Macroseismic Scale). The total number of located events since 17 July was 10,930. Preliminary analysis of GPS deformation data showed an inflation-deflation sequence at one station on the N side of the island, with the main deformation trending N-S and in vertical components. GPS stations located in the W and S showed different behavior, with mean deformations to the SW and NE, respectively. First digital image. Since 21 October, most of the events were located in the N part of the island, aligned NNW-SSE from the center of the island to around 13 km offshore. Most of these earthquakes occurred around 20-25 km depth. Superficial analysis of GPS deformation data from the last few days of the reporting period showed different behaviors between the stations located at the N of the island and the station located at the S, close to the submarine eruptive vent. As of the 22nd of October, IGN reported that eruptive tremor increased. Huge bubble reapeared at the sea surface since yesterday. Alert level remains at red lavel for the Restinga area. As of the 20th of October local newspaper confirmed that the eruptive activity seems decreased regarding tremor signal and seismicity, however IGN reported from this morning 3:00 am slight elevation of the tremor occured. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that tremor, registered by every seismic station on El Hierro Island, continued during 12-18 October. Deformation decreased during this period, with significant inflation-deflation episodes registered by the stations located in the NW part of the island. In the same area, during 15-17 October, frequent episodes of emission, forming big turbulent rings of gas and foaming, were observed on the sea surface. Since the night of 17 October, the amplitude of the tremor signal had decreased slowly. On 18 October, deformation further decreased and the sea-surface disruption from gases was not observed. As of the 17th of october, IGN reported that from 10h45 am, villagers noted huge bubble forming in the sea. This phenomenon was visible from the road to La Restingua, become checkpoint of the Civil Guard.. These large bubble are probably related to higher gas emission. This type of activity seems similar with the underwater eruption off the coast of Teirceira in 2000 ( read SVE article about this mission). Fluctuation observed in the tremor may indicates explosisions in connection with a move toward the surface to 100 m depth (?). According to some observers, during the weekend pillows lava where floating on the ocean. As of the 14th of October, the volcanic tremor remains at the same level. New video shows the effect of the submarine activity at the sea surface. The Spanish geographic institute reported two large sea stains that were caused by the eruption coming through two openings. According to CSIC scientist the fissure might propagate closer to the coast with time, but there is no danger until the rift is under 50-60 meters of seawater, rather than the ~200 meters of the shallowest part now. At 50-60 meters, the chances of explosive eruptions increases as the seawater and magma interact in shallower conditions. The threat of an eruption on Hierro island has eased after pressure in the area was reduced following the present undersea event. As of the 13th of October, it seems that eruptive activity from Hierro submarine is still continuing but dropped from yesterday. However, also it seems this activity migrated closest the South coast of Hierro. Yesterday, people reported strong smell of sulfur and discoloration of the sea surface at about 2,5 km off La Restinga - Video .Spain's Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN) confirmed on Tuesday afternooon that an underwater eruption is occurring 3 miles (5km) off the southern coastline of El Hierro, the smallest of the Canary Islands, which are located in the Atlantic off the coast of Morocco. IGN confirmed that all three of its seismic stations on El Hierro registered low frequency volcanic tremors in the south of the island at the southernmost village in the Canaries, La Restinga. The present volcanic activity is believed to be occurring at a depth of nearly 2,000 feet (600 meters) below sea level. Scientists from ING, CSIC, and the University of Cadiz are trying to determine if the subsea volcanic vent is widening and, if so, if it is widening in the direction of El Hierro. Officials on Spain's El Hierro Island in the Canaries said on Tuesday that they are evacuating some 600 residents from a small coastal town due to volcanic activity in the area. On Tuesday morning this eruption was only been confirmed by harmonic tremors seen on seismometers on El Hierro island. Based on the harmonic tremor plots, it seems that the eruption has been growing in size since it started well over 12 hours ago. At 04:18 UTC on 10 October, 2011 it seems a submarine eruption started somewhere close to the El Hierro volcano Island (but inside El Hierro volcano system). As of the 10th of October local paper reported that four ships have alerted the maritime authorities of the existence of possible volcanic activity (unconfirmed yet), four miles south of La Restinga (El Hierro) and about 500 meters deep. The latest data collected by the National Geological Survey stations on the island of El Hierro suggest a submarine eruption up to 2,000 meters deep in the Las Calmas area. Spanish scientists from IGN are going to try get some special undersea cameras out to El Hierro to confirm or not the activity. This eruption looks to be fairly benign in terms of threat to life and property, but very little is known about the nature of the eruption so far. El Hierro has suffered, since mid-July 2011, around 9,600 earthquakes caused by magma activity in the base of the island, the strongest of them on Saturday night, which reached a magnitude of 4.3 degrees on the Richter scale. If confirmed, this eruption will be the first recorded in Spain since 1971, when the Teneguía volcano emerged on the island of La Palma. (news next). Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported a drastic increase in the seismic activity at Hierro during 27 September-3 October, with more than 1,100 new seismic events detected, 83 of them felt by residents, with a maximum intensity value of IV using EMS-98 (European Macroseismic Scale). Most of the hypocenters were located offshore, SW of the island, at around 14 km depth. The maximum magnitude recorded during this week was 3.8. The total number of located events had reached more than 9,300 since the anomalous activity began on 16 July. The superficial deformation measured by the GPS network had reached 35 mm. Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported more than 900 new seismic events at Hierro during 20-26 September, five of them felt by residents. The maximum magnitude recorded was 3.4. The total number of located events had reached more than 8,100 since the anomalous activity began on 16 July. The rates of both GPS deformation and seismic energy release had significantly increased during the previous seven days. On 23 September, the Canarian Autonomous Government raised the Alert Code to Yellow. As of the 23rd of September, The local authorities at have raised the alert status to yellow based on increased seismicity - both in terms of number of earthquakes and intensity, some earthquakes as large as M3. This new alert level means that the government of the island will release regular updates on the activity and make sure that appropriate emergency measures are in place. As of the 21st of September, IGN reported that more than 900 seismic events at Hierro island during 8-19 September, three of them felt by residents. The total number of located earthquakes had reached more than 7,200 since anomalous activity began on 16 July, with patterns alternating between relatively calm and high-energy periods (4D animation eathquakes between July and September). The GPS local network showed similar deformation rates compared to previous weeks. The Spanish Geographic Institute (IGN) reported that since 16 July, seismicity at Hierro was high above the background levels. Until 7 September more than 6,200 events had been located, most of them in the El Golfo area with hypocenters that were 10 km deep, all magnitudes were below 3. The seismic activity alternated between relatively calm periods and high-energy periods. GPS local network stations showed deformations of about 2 cm. High rates of carbon dioxide flux were measured in the anomalous area. The triangular island of Hierro is the SW-most and least studied of the Canary Islands. The massive Hierro shield volcano is truncated by a large NW-facing escarpment formed as a result of gravitational collapse of El Golfo volcano about 130,000 years ago. The steep-sided 1500-m-high scarp towers above a low lava platform bordering 12-km-wide El Golfo Bay, and three other large submarine landslide deposits occur to the SW and SE. Three prominent rifts oriented NW, NE, and south at 120 degree angles form prominent topographic ridges. The subaerial portion of the volcano consists of flat-lying Quaternary basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows and tuffs capped by numerous young cinder cones and lava flows. Holocene cones and flows are found both on the outer flanks and in the El Golfo depression. Hierro contains the greatest concentration of young vents in the Canary Islands. Uncertainty surrounds the report of an historical eruption in 1793. (GVN/GVP)

FRANCE - Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion island)

December 11th, 2010

As of the 10th of December 130PM, OVPLF reported that the eruption already ended. No tremor signal has been recorded since this hour. As of the 9th of December, following a seismic crisis and inflation a new eruption started at 730 PM (TU) from an eruptive fissure oriented North-South and located just above puy Mi-Côte, at about 2500 m elevation. The eruption was characterized by laval fountaining and two lava flows emission. As of the 31st of October. OVPLF reported that the eruption ended. Seismic signal associated with the eruption and degassing ended at 10:50 in the morning. As of the 29th of October, OVPLF reported that observation carried out during a fligh above the volcano showed that a part of the summit cone 3 (only active now) collapsed. Some lava ejecta and gas emissions occured from this cone which contained a small active lava pond. The eruptive activity was feeding a small lava flow with slow movement. A part of this lava flowed in a lava funnel close to the active crater. The lava field remains upstream of the cone named « Gros Benard ».As of the 28th of october, OVPLF reporteds that the eruption is sill continuing and charaterized by a sudden increasing activity and tremor since yesterday 4:30 PM. As of the 26th of October, OVPLF reported that the eruptive activity is still slowly continuing in the same area. No change occured during the past days. As of the 22nd of October, OVPLF reported that activity is continuing close to the Château Fort area, South part of the Enclos Fouqué. Now, only one cone is active et only few lava fountains observed. Volcanic tremor was stable. No earthquakes was recorded yesterday. GPS ground deformation showed a weak deflation under the volcano. As of the 20th in the morning, OVPLF reported that the eruption is still continuing. Eruptive activity is still characterized by low lava fountains from the main events along the fissure. Lava flows field extending East-Southeast at distance about 2 km. Volcanic tremor remains stable. As of the 19th of October, OVPLF reported that eruptive activity is still continuing without important changes. Weak ejection and small lava fountains still occurs from the main eruptive vents located along the eruptive fissure ; lava flows go down slowly toward the East-Southeast. The explosive activity and degassing dropped. The volcanic tremor remains stable. As of the 18th of October, in the morning, OVPLF reported that eruptive activity was still continuing, but the explosive and degassing phase decreased since yesterday 17th of October. The volcanic tremor also decreased (1/7 in comparison from the beginning of the eruption). The number of volcano tectonic events remained low (7/day); the most important event occured at 11:23 PM with a mag 1.4 and localized at about 1600 m depth under the summit crater Bory. The base and the summit of the volcan remained in inflation. Preliminary estimation of the lava volume emitted was 600.000 m3. As of the 16th on the morning, OVPLF reported that eruptive activity is still continuing and characterized by low lava fountains along the eruptive fissure which feeding a lava moving towards the East, Southeast. Lava is issued from an area close to the old crater of Chateau Fort at the base Southeast of the flank of the Dolomieu crater and remains within the enclos Fouqué. Four small cones were active along the eruptive fissure, and lava fountaining occured from three of them. The lava flow run slowly about 1,6 km toward East and Southeast and gets closer to the break of slope of the " Grandes pentes".Temperature measurement carred out by a team of the OVPLF showed 1100°C. The volcanic tremor remained stable. (OVPLF full report in french). As of the 15th of October OVPLF reported that a new eruption started yesterday 14th of October since 7:10 PM. The eruptive activiy is localized close the Chateau Fort, within the Enclos Fouqué, Southeast of the Dolomieu crater. During the day of the 14 October, the observatory recorded an increasing seismicity between 4h AM and 2 PM. Then, a seismic crisis occured (more than several hundred earthquakes) occured between 2 PM and 3:45 PM. During this phase important ground deformation occured close the summit and generated many rockfalls inside the Dolomieu crater. At 14:11 PM, the seismicity moved toward the Southeast part of the volcano (Chateau Fort). As of the 15th in the morning the ereutive activity was still continuing. According to OVPLF this eruption is associated with a dyke intrusion beneath the summir crater Dolomieu. As of the 27th September, OVPLF reported that following a decrease of the seismicity, the alert level has been dropped. As of the 24th of September, OVPLF reported that probably an eruption is impending. During the night, between 2 am and 3:50 am (a local time GMT 4) a seismic crisis was observed on the volcano. A Series of several tens of earthquakes was localized directly below the summit zone, under the crater Dolomieu. From 5 h local time a slighly decrease of this seismicity occured.The seismic crisis was associated with inflation (approximately 3 cm) of the volcano, in particular close the summit part. The most significant deformations were measured on the edge and the north side of the Piton de la Fournaise and also on the south edge. These data indicate that a distribution of the magma towards the surface took place directly below the volcano. (Dolomieu). The magma did not reach yet the surface ( Friday 5:15 (GMT+4) . Starting on 14 August and continuing through 10 September, OVPDLF recorded a slow but steady increase in the number and magnitude of earthquakes from Piton de la Fournaise. Inflation of the summit area began in late August. A report on 13 September noted localized deformation W of Dolomieu crater and a small number of landslides in the crater. On 20 September a significant increase in earthquakes was recorded, although the average magnitude was low. The earthquakes were located at the base of Piton de la Fournaise, W and S of Dolomieu crater. PREVIOUS NEWS : as of the 12th of January 2010, OVPLF reported that the eruption ended. Following a slight increasing of the eruptif tremor yesterday, eruption within the Dolomieu crater dropped during this night at about 2 am. Nowthe moment only a weak degassing occurs. As of the 7th of January, the volcanic eruption begun January 2nd of this year is always was still progress in the crater Dolomieu. Yesterday evening, the eruptive trémor weakly increased but remained stable. As of the 5th of January, OVPLF reported that intensity of the at present current volcanic eruption in the sommital crater Dolomieu is stable. It is however necessary to indicate from time to time some renewals of activity comparable to one pulse of more important intensity. This day two of these phases were observed at 9:30 am and 11:30 am (GMT 4).A mission of measure of the deformations of the sommitale zone led this morning also allowed a visual recognition of the activity. Some lava flows and a main eruptive vent remained active. As of the 4th of Jnanuary OVPLF reported that eruptive activity was continuing but with a reduced outflow.. Only lava fountains with small high and one active lava flow were visible. Tremor was slighly decreasing but remained stable. An aa lava flow covered about 90% of the 2008 flow on the floor of the Dolomieu crater. As of the 2nd of January, OVPLF reported that Piton de la Fournaise volcano erupted this day at 14:30 local time (GMT +4). The eruptive fissure is situated in the cliff around the Bory and Dolomieu summit craters. Some lava fountains tens of metres in height have been observed during a reconnaissance jointly carried out by the Gendarmerie Nationale (PGHM) and the Piton de la Fournaise Volcanological Observatory. During this reconnaissance, lava flows were observed flowing in the interior of Dolomieu crater. significant landslides and cliff collapses within Bory crater were also recorded. These collapses fuel eruption plumes of ash and gases that are rising above the summit craters of Piton de la Fournaise. This eruption was preceded over two hours by a seismic crisis commencing at 12:00 local time. A small plume of volcanic gas from the eruptive zone was already observed around 12:00. After some minutes of calm, an eruptive tremor appeared on the screens of the seismological network of the observatory at 14:25. PREVIOUS ERUPTION : As of the 15th of December, OVPLF reported that the Piton de la Fournaise volcano erupted Monday, December 14, 2009 at 18:45 (local time GMT +4). The eruption was preceded by a seismic crisis and a raise of the summit area deformations, which started at 17:30 (GMT +4). The eruptive tremor began at 18:30 (GMT+4). A system of sub-parallel fractures along the summit of Dolomieu crater fed lava flows on the southern slope of the Piton de la Fournaise, inside the Enclos Fouqué. A second fissures system opened on the eastern flank of the Dolomieu summit crater at 20:25 (GMT +4). Then lava flows were spent towards the eastern slope. This eruption ended during the night at 00h40 (GMT +4) after a gradual decrease in magma supply from midnight (local time). This morning, Tuesday, December 15, 2009, a visible degassing in the south and southeast fractures is associated with a low intensity eruptive tremor. All of the lava flows was confined to high zone of the volcano and more specifically the slopes south and south-east of Piton de la Fournaise. As of the 6th of November OVPLF reported that on November 5, an intense seismic swarm occurred between 7:30pm and 8:30pm (GMT +4) at about sea level, including an earthquake of 80 seconds. This crisis was followed by a 30 minutes aseismic phase and then by sustained tremor. The first vent opened at 8:50pm on the southern cliff inside the Dolomieu crater. At 9:05pm, a fracture propagated towards east on the upper south-eastern flank of Piton de la Fournaise feeding a first lava flow. A 9:20pm, a second fracture opened on the eastern volcano flank between 2450 and 2300m asl. The eruption was also recorded by the three webcams of the observatory, which, together with the deformation and tremor patterns, allowed a rapid identification of the eruption sites. The fractures fed strombolian activity, small (about 20 meters high) fountains and aa lava flows, which were visible from the national road lining the coast in the Grand Brûlé area. At 3:00am on November 6, the eruptive tremor declined to a very low intensity level. A first survey on the volcano summit at 7:30am confirmed that the lava fontaining was no longer active and the lava front had stopped at about 1900 m elevation. At 9:00am the eruptive tremor disappeared, thus confirming the end of the eruption. As of the 30th of October, OVPLF reported that the seismicity was still in light increase. A new seismic crisis occured on the morning of 03:00 to 06:00 (local time). The hypocentres are still localised under Dolomieu. Volcanologists of the Observatory noted a partial migration of the earthquakes and deformation towards the North (this could be due to injection of a dyke towards north). The level of alarm remains to 1. As of the 23rd of october OVPDLF reported that during the day before (22nd of October) 18 earthquakes occured, but no eruption started yet. As of the 21st of October,OVPDLF has reported that seismic activity indicates magma is probably within 500 m of the surface. A change in the chemistry of volcanic gases appeared for the first time yesterday since the outbreak of volcanic alert on the 4th of October. The whole of these observations clearly confirms the progression of the magma towards surface. An eruption thus remains possible in the short or medium term. The level of alarm remains to 1 for the moment. On 18 October, OVPDLF reported that another seismic crisis was noted along with deformation on the N and S sides of Dolomieu crater. Aerial observations on 19 October revealed a small new fumarole in the crater. Changes in the chemical composition of the gases were also noted. A greater number and duration of rockfalls than in previous days was detected on 20 October. As the the 17th of October (09:30 am)), OVPF reported that during past night (16th to 17th of October), the frequency and the intensity of the seismicity were in progressive increase. The trend of progressive deformation of the volcano was confirmed, in particular on the side the North of Dolomieu and close to the Dolomieu crater.Collapses of small volume inside Dolomieu were registered.No variation of the chemical composition of gases was noted. Previously, a new seismic crisis started on 14th of October at 8:09am (local time) and ended at 10:04am. This important seismicity was associated with weak ground deformation of the North flank of the Dolomieu. The day before 79 earthquakes have been recorded, mainly in the areas mentioned above. As of the 9th of October, The observatory of the Piton de la Fournaise reported that the seismic crisis that occured yesterday ended on 8th of October in the morning at 10:57 am. This seismicity was located beneath the volcano summit under craters Bory and Dolomieu. This phase has been associated with weak North flank deformation of the Dolomieu crater. No chemical variation in gas was noted. Previously, as of the 7th of October, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris from the Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPDLF) reported that seismic activity increased on 7th of october in the morning from 8:30 am and since remained at high level. Not eruption occured yet, but local prefecture of the Reunion issued the alert level 1. Enclos Fouqué entrance has been closed . Yesterday 6th of october, 120 earthquakes were registred from the network accompanied with sligh ground deformation. Previous eruption started on 14th of December 11 PM (TU) ended on 4th of February at 8 PM (TU). On February 2nd, 21 earthquakes were recorded including one with mag. 2.2 accompanied with a decreasing of the volcanic tremor. As of the 3rd of February seismic activity increased again and tremor decreased. In the morning, only one lava flow was active on the Northwest side. Between 8-9th of January, two earthquakes located above the sea level were recorded (max = 1.5 mag). As of the 29th of December, OVPF scientists observed during a fieldwork the small lava pond which remained active with few lava ejection above the cone. Following an active episode during the past week-end with about 10 visible lava flows on the talus and some outpouring on the flow within the Dolomieu, the situation changed on Monday. Except from the active cone, no other glowing lava could be observed. Degassing remained relatively important, time to time, the Dolomieu was filled with bluish gaz emission. As of the 26th of December in the morning (9am), OVPF reported that eruptive tremor increased again (3 time more compared at the beginning of the eruption), but remained fluctuating. Following a fieldwork during the afternoon of 24th of December, volcanologist reported (5pm) that a small active lava pond formed within the small cone in the Dolomieu. Time to time, lava fountaining occurs. Many small lava flows are issued from small lava tubes around the main lava flow. GPS measurements did not showed inflation or deflation at the summit. OnThursday 18th of December, in the evening, the eruptive tremor increased but this day returned at the previous level, the same at the beginning of the eruption. As of the 17th of december SO2 output was estimated at about 1000 Tons/day. As of the 15th of december, OVPF reported that following a seismic crisis during Sunday (more than several hundred earthquakes), and an important seismicity during the night, a volcanic tremor, located beneath the summit, started at 2:45 am. An inspection carried out on 15th in the morning showed that two eruptive fissures were active within the Dolomieu crater, at half slope NNE and NE. The lava flow rate is very weak; the lava covered only 15-20% of the September 2008 lava. Also the SO2 output was very low. As of the 28th of November, OVPF reported that the volcanic tremor declined since the early morning, suggesting that the eruption was declining, with a phenomenon ‘Gaz Piston' (important gas bubbles with very few or not magma emission) making its appearence in the seismic record. From 2pm ( local time) "gas piston" phenomenon ended and this short eruptive phase ended. No seismic signal was recorded since this time. As of the 27th of November, according to a report of the OVPf, following a short seismic crisis between 1125am et 1140am, the volcanic tremor started at 1150am (local time). From the tremor map, this new eruption occured within the Dolomieu crater, probably at the same place of the previous activity during October 2008. A volcanic plume was visible in the West part of the Dolomieu. As of the 31st of October, a new OVPF Buletin reported that during the previous night a new seismic crisis occured between 4am and 440am with about 100 earthquakes accompanied with weak ground deformation recorded by the tiltmeter network. As of the 22nd of October, OVPF reported that 11 summital earthquakes were recorded this day (max. magnitude1,2). No deformation occured. As of the 20th of october, OVPF reported that in the morning, between 8AM et 10AM, a new seismic crisis occured. No other event was noted for the moment. As of the 17th of October OVPF reported that since 3 days ago seismic activity increased. This activity increased more on 16th of October beetween 630PM and 830PM (51 earthquakes) then re-decreased. Repartition of the earthquakes : 14th of October: 62 ; 15th of October: 59 ; 16th of October: 166; No long-term inflation was recorded for the moment. Previous activity : as of the 2nd of October OVPF reported that eruptive activity within the Dolomieu ended in the early morning. The tremor dropped from 410AM and totally disapeared at 445 AM (local time). Only a very weak deflation has been recorded during the eruption and for this reason, it's possible that other eruptive episode could occurs in the short term (days or weeks). Total lave volume of the eruption is about 850.000 m3 for 10 days of activity.As of the 27th of September OVPF reported that eruptive activity was still continuing in the Dolomieu. Volcanic tremor remained stable at a low level since the 26 september in the morning. Three summit low intensity earthquakes were recorded. No direct observation was possible due to the poor meteorological condition. Wednesday estimation of the size and volume with an aerial photography showed that the lava surface on the Dolomieu floor was about 180x100m (24 September in the morning) and a maximal thickness of 30m. The present volume has been estimated at about 300 000m3, an flow rate is 1m3/sec. As of the 21st of September, a special bulletin of the OVPF reported that following a short seismic crisis (about 10 earthquakes) a volcanic tremor appeared and the eruption started at about 330 PM. This new eruption occured in the West part of the Dolomieu (half hight) under the Bory crater. Several lava flows went down toward the floor of the Dolomieu and formed a small lava pond. As of the 17th of September , ovpf reported that important seismic activity is still continuing with 48 earthquakes recorded this day ( 41 with mag. < 1,0 ,   5 with mag. between 1,0 et 1,5 and  2 with mag. between 1,5 et 2,0) . Field observations confirmed an increase in degassing from the SW part of Dolomieu crater and the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Another seismic crisis was detected during 15-16 September. Numerous landslides followed the crisis, but may have also been associated with heavy rains. The Alert Level was not changed. As of the 12th of September, a preliminary bulletin from OVPF reported that since 1015AM (local time) this morning volcanic tremor started at the volcano and stayed until 1130AM. The tremor (weak and variable) is located beneath the summit of Dolomieu. According to an aerial observation during the end of the morning, no eruptive activity occured yet, but important SO2 emissions were noted. Another trémor (more high frequency) occured in the afternoon at 350 PM, but stopped around 8PM. During the day of the 12th of September, 30 earthquakes were recorded with a maximal magnitude = 1,6. According to OVPF scientists an eruption could be occurs within days or weeks. Alert level remains 1. As of the 9th of September, OVPF reported that an important seismic crisis occured during the night between 1123PM and 120 AM characterized by several hundred eartquakes. No deformation was recorded. On 3rd of September, 76 earthquakes were already recorded with a maximum magnitude 2.9 and 3.0. As of the 15th of August, OVPFalready reported that a seismic crisis (2h35 duration) occured this day between 5AM (local time) and 735AM (local time). This short crisis was accompanied with ground deformation in the Dolomieu area. At 10am, some superficial isolated earthquakes (about 500 m a.s.l.) still occured. Previously on 4th of August another short seismic crisis (10mn) already occured. Previous activity : as of 21st of June 2007, OVPF reported that from one week many earthquakes occured every day beneath the volcano (sometimes more than 100 per day). several of them occured under the sea. As of 21st of June, maximal magnitude was 2.6. As of the 2nd of May the Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise, IPGP, reported that after one month of very high activity, the eruption at Piton de la Fournaise, which started on April 2nd in the Grand Brûlé at 650 m altitude, finally stopped on May 1st. The debit at certain moments was estimated between 100 and 200 m3 per second and the lava flows covered an area of about 4 km2, with up to 30 or 40 m thick lava. A platform of about 35000 m2 was build on the sea and first estimations of the erupted volume amount to 120 x 106 m3 , which ranges this eruption between one of the largest known historical eruptions at Piton de la Fournaise. As of the 27th of April the OVPF reported that the seismicity under the summit was reinforced. There were 50 seismic events the day before and the lava flows remained very abundant in the Grande Brulé. As of 21st of April, the latest OVPF report informed the the volcanic tremor remained at the same low level. Lava flows were still went down in the Grand Brulé from the vent located to 650 m elevation with important variations. As of the 20th of April the Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise, IPGP that the collapse of Dolomieu crater was continuing. The tremor was on a very low level, the seismics under the summit of the Piton of Fournaise persisted. As of the 12th of April the Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise, IPGP reported that members of the PC of St. Philippe observed two lava flows, the first going along the rampart, a second in the medium of cast in place, arriving at the sea. The inhabitants of the small village of Tremblet breathe better, the situation finally seems to still be improving. The crater which broke down on a 300 m height stabilizes slowly. As of the 7th of April, OVPF reported that following a fligh over the volcano on the morning, observation showed that a large part ot the Dolomieu crater floor collapsed on a surface estimated to 1000 x 700 m and a depth of about 300 m. The activity seismic remained at high level and many local collapse occurs. As of the 6th of April the OVPF, reported that the eruption at Piton de la Fournaise volcano continues and eruptive activity, lava fountains and lava flow emissions from the fissure vent at 600-500 m elevation, increases. Lava flows had already crossed the National Road in the afternoon of 2 April and the southernmost of the 3 principal lava flow branches reached the sea in the evening the same day. After decreasing for a while, an unusual increase in seismic activity has been observed since 3 April. It is marked by earthquakes below the summit of the volcano at altitudes between 0 and 500 m above sea level, similar to the ones registered before the opening of the fissure on 30 March SE of the summit. They are interpreted as consequence of internal collapse phenomena and might be preceding a collapse event similar or stronger than the one in 1986 when a 100 m deep pit crater was formed. At the same time, tremor (thought to be caused by the erupting magma moving along the conduit and the radial dike) has increased as well, accompanied by increasing visual effusive activity. In addition, a marked increase in sulphur dioxide emission has been noted. Inhabitants in the nearby city of St. Pierre have been suffering from "vog" - volcanic smog caused by clouds of aerosols rich in sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted mainly at the eruptive vent and from the lava flows. Several people have been brought to hospital for treatment of skin and eye irriations as well as asthma caused by the gas whose concentration temporarily reached alarming levels, triggering the autorities to issue a general health warning for the island. Reports of a new eruptive fissure near the Pointe du Tremblet with its inhabited centres in the lower areas just outside of the Enclos turned out to be wrong. However, but scientists from the observatory don't exclude the possibility that a new fissure could open up at even lower elevation. Preparations for an emergency evacuation of this area have started since late of 4th of April. Access to the summit area of the volcano and the low elevation area near the lava flows from the side of St. Pierre has been restricted by authorities. As of the 2nd of April, OVPDLF reported that a new eruption started at 10 AM. A new eruptive fissure opened in the Southeast part of the enclos; the lower part of the fissure is located at 500 m a.s.l at the foot of the Rempart du Tremblet. The 1 km long eruptive fissure trend NO-SE- During the morning lava fountaining (50 m high) occured from the fissure. Associated lava flows went down fastly and about 2 PM the front was at 300 m of the RN2. On Wednesday 3rd of April eruption was still continuing. Lava flows crossed the road RN2 during the afternoon. As of 30th of March, OVPDLF reported that following a seismic crisis and deformation of the summit zone, a new eruption started on 30th of March ( 23 PM - local time) on the South-East flank of the volcano within the Enclos close to the Chateau Fort area. This short erutive phase ended on 31st of March at about 8 AM in the morning. (from OVPF-IPGP report) from OVPF-IPGP - (Thomas Staudacher, OVVPF) -(OVPF information d'après Journal de l'île de la Réunion - ). Live webcam - IPGP

***********************************************************************************************************

COMOROS - Karthala volcano

January 20th, 2007

As of 19th of January, Volcano observatory reported that on Thursday 18th the volcano shook twice again and local volcanologists said there was still a threat of eruption despite the tremor seems weakening. Comoros authorities have made emergency plan to help as many 30.000 people in case of eruption. As of 13th of January, volcano observatory reported that Mount Karthala (2631m) begun emitting fumes and producing a red glow over the tops. According to the chief geologist, the volcano has become eruptive since yesterday evening 12th of January. The lava level had risen in the volcano's crater. Preliminary information reported that residents of Mvurni, a town at 1000 m altitude on the volcano West slope were broken up by strong fumes. The island had been on red alert. The last big eruption of the volcano occured in April 2005, sent thousands fleeing in fear poisonous gas and lava. The worst disaster on record came in 1903, when 17 died from noxious fumes that seeped from cracks. The southernmost and largest of the two shield volcanoes forming Grand Comore Island (also known as Ngazidja Island), Karthala contains a 3 x 4 km summit caldera generated by repeated collapse

.***********************************************************************************************************

TANZANIE - Lengai volcano

October 30th, 2012

News and recent photos taken in September 2012 at the summit crater. Previously, as of the 22nd of February 2010 GNN/GVP reported that periodic eruptions from a small fissure and steam emissions from an area of the crater rim next to a part that had collapsed were observed on 11 February, and three fresh black hornitos were noted on the W part of the crater floor, a cone-shaped grey hornito in the middle of the floor and a new black lava flow to the S were seen during 14-15 February. Previous Informations : June-August 2009: a few reports received during the summer, including ones documenting visits in August by Thomas Holden , in July by David Gregson , and in June by Tobias Fischer , indicate that Lengai continues to produce small effusive eruptions within the pit crater. Thomas Holden reported that on his climb in late August (exact date unknown) he saw active lava flows. Tobias Fischer witnessed flows and a small lava lake ~5m in diameter in June.  David Gregson did not see significant activity but heard sounds of activity at depth. Although the activity appears to have returned to the typical eruptions of fluid natrocarbonatite lava for which Lengai is so well known, no samples of the new flows have been obtained for analysis due to their inaccessability deep inside the pit crater.  It is not known how similar the new lava is in composition to the lavas produced prior to the 2007-2008 eruption. (From Fred Belton website) Previous information : qccording to Frederick Belton team which climbed Ol Doinyo Lengai on 18 June 2009reported that the new active cone covered the former crater floor entirely except for an area N of the summit. The new cone's W, N, and E sides stood about 30 m above the rim of the former crater and enclosed a deep crater. The visitors saw a few small vents on the crater's floor. Frequent emissions of ash-poor plumes originated from the SW part of the crater's floor, producing light ashfall. They heard continuous loud rumbling noises, occasional gas-jetting sounds, and rockfalls. As of the 21st of February, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) reported that Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania erupted on 19th of February, according to an aviation report. Ash was observed to 38,000 ft. Pilots have been advised to avoid flying near the volcano. The activity at Lengai seems to be increasing. In the past two weeks, explosions have ejected ash plumes rising several kilometers. On 15 Feb., Dutch pilots observed and photographed an eruption plume rising to estimated 12 km (36,000 ft). The Toulouse VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ol Doinyo Lengai was observed by pilots on 15 February and rose to an altitude of 11.6 km (38,000 ft) a.s.l. As of the 24th of January, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) has reported that a visitor to Ol Doinyo Lengai informed that it erupted on 14 January. According to this visitor "shower of stones" fell at their location about 50 m from the summit and a lava flow went another direction. Typical ash eruption from the new ash cone in the N crater. A small group from Volcano Discovery , local mountain guides and partners stayed near and on Lengai volcano during 17-21 January. During this period, Lengai continued to erupt ash to several 100 metres above the new ash cone during phases lasting several hours alternating with periods of quiet when only a weak plume of very fine gray ash and gas was issuing out of the new ash cone. Photos from an eruptive phase of Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano consisting in near continuous ash emissions from its new crater and taken from the summit during a recent expedition in January 2008 have been posted at the Discovery: http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/volcano-tours/photos/lengai/0108.html . These photos also document the impressive recent changes on the volcano and help to illustrate the significant hazards present when climbing Lengai or staying at its top. The Toulouse VAAC reported previously that an ash plume from Ol Doinyo Lengai was observed by visiting scientists on 20 December and rose to an unreported altitude. As of the 20th of October, John Seach has reported that a pilot report indicated an eruption of Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania occurred at 0830hrs local time today. An ash plume reached 25,000 ft. altitude, and was visible from a distance of 50 miles. The eruption lasted 30 minutes. As of the 7th of September, according to Matthieu Kervyn De Meerendre, University of Gent (Belgium) has reported that Ol Doinyo Lengai has re-erupted again. A large eruption (?) seems to be taking place at Lengai volcano, this time for real On 4 September 2007, reports started coming in that a large (natrocarbonatite) lava flow is descending the West flank. A considerable ash plume was visible on satellite data. Over 30 thermal anomalies have been detected by the MODIS team since August 23 - more than during the large eruption in March 2006. On 4 and 5 Sep, the thermal anomaly at the summit was extremely strong. From this and satellite imaginery, it seems that there was a short overflow to the East and a major overflow to the West starting on September 1st (it could be a bush fire on the volcano flank ignited by lava). New overflows on 5 Sep seem to be taking place on the W and NW flanks. The symmetrical Ol Doinyo Lengai stratovolcano is the only volcano known to have erupted carbonatite tephras and lavas in historical time. The prominent volcano, known to the Maasai as "The Mountain of God," rises abruptly above the broad plain south of Lake Natron in the Gregory Rift Valley. The depth and morphology of the northern crater have changed dramatically during the course of historical eruptions, ranging from steep craters walls about 200 m deep in the mid-20th century to shallow platforms mostly filling the crater. Long-term lava effusion in the summit crater beginning in 1983 had by the turn of the century mostly filled the northern crater; by late 1998 lava had begun overflowing the crater rim.

*********************************************************************************************************

CONGO - Nyamulagira volcano

January 28th, 2012

As of the 28th of January, MODVOLC is still recording thermal anomaly on the volcano and probably the eruptive activity is still going on. (photos from M.Rietze).The initial scoria cone appeared inactive and second cone formed to the N of the first cone. Both cones were about 300 m high. The second cone was extremely active during the duration of the observations (about 15 hours) with fire fountains over twice the height of the cone; lava flowed N. The observers, about 1.5 km away, felt the heat from the eruption as well as lapilli fall. The VolcanoDiscovery Team observed the fissure eruption at Nyamuragira that began on 6 November 2011 during 22-25 January 2012 from the newly formed cinder cones located about 10 km E of the summit crater. They reported three coalescent cones with the largest cone containing a small lava lake. The lake ejected spatter every few seconds as high as 200 m above the summit; individual bombs reached the base of the cone. Lava flows from the vent extended several kilometers N. Numerous small breakouts formed secondary flows, and a large breakout about 2 km N of the cone fed a large lava flow about 20 m wide. Burning forests were reported to the NNE. Satellite imagery acquired on 3 January from the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA's EO-1 satellite showed an active lava flow to the NE of the central vent over the fissure located 11-12 km ENE of Nyamuragira's main crater. A sulfur dioxide-rich plume was also detected.According to OMI data, SO2 plume is still rose above of the volcano suggesting tha the eruption is continued. As of the 8th of December, the eruptive activity is still continuing. Thermal anomaly and gas plume are still visible from satellite image. On 18 November, Virunga National Park reported that lava flows from the eruption along a fissure 11-12 km ENE of Nyamuragira's main crater had possibly stalled. An observer aboard an overflight a few days before noted that the lava did not appear to have moved any further N. A photo taken from the Rumangabo headquarters (7.5 km NE of the eruption site) on 16 November showed a tall cinder cone with lava fountains rising above the rim. The eruption at Nyamuragira that began on 6 November, after two days of intense seismic activity, was located along a fissure 11-12 km ENE of the main crater, close to one of the 1989 eruption sites. Virunga National Park staff had previously been observing the eruption from a hilltop in Rumangabo, but on 9 November the staff and rangers traveled to the site. After a 3-hour hike, the team viewed the eruption from the S and noted roaring and lava fountains, as well as thunder and lightning. The observers also noted that the ground was covered by black pumice. On 11 November about 100 people, including staff, rangers, carpenters, porters, and volcanologists, traveled to a similar but safer location to set up a camp for visitors. The eruption site was described as a flat area with a 500-1,000-m-long fissure, oriented perpendicular to the Albertine (Western) rift. Lava fountains rose as high as 300 m above a cinder cone. Slow-moving lava traveled N. GORISK noted that radar images acquired on 11 November showed the largest deformation ever detected by the method (InSAR) since the early 1990's over Nyamuragira. A very preliminary analysis of the observed deformation suggested an affected area of more than 250 square kilometers. The ground rose more than 50 cm at the eruptive site where the spatter cone was developing. Another 15 cm of deformation was detected within the Nyamuragira caldera accompanied by deflation on the flanks. Satellite images acquired on 12 November showed that the lava flow had traveled approximately 11.5 km during the six days of the eruption. As of the 15th of November, The eruptive activity was still continuing characterized by lava fountain about 300 m high and lava which overflowed on the North flank of the volcano.(video) .As of the 7th of November, Rangers from the Virunga National Park reported that an eruption began last night on Nyamuragira in the Democratic Republic of Congo in central Africa. The eruption was observed from the park headquarters and it was reported that it appears to be a flank eruption. Africa's most active volcano, Nyamuragira (Also spelled Nyamulagira) is a massive basaltic shield volcano N of Lake Kivu and NW of Nyiragongo volcano. Lava flows from Nyamuragira cover 1,500 sq km of the East African Rift. The 3058-m-high summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km summit caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. About 40 historical eruptions have occurred since the mid-19th century within the summit caldera and from numerous fissures and cinder cones on the volcano's flanks. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938. Twentieth-century flank lava flows extend more than 30 km from the summit, reaching as far as Lake Kivu.

CONGO - Nyiragongo

November 2nd, 2012

The Toulouse VAAC reported that, according to a Volcano Observatory Notices for Aviation (VONA) issued by the Goma Volcano Observatory, a gas plume composed mostly of sulfur dioxide rose from Nyiragongo on 1 November. Previously according to NASA's Earth Observatory, a satellite image of Nyiragongo acquired on 15 November showed heat coming from the active lava lake in the summit crater. Previous news : The Toulouse VAAC reported that during 4-5 February 2011diffuse plumes, likely composed primarily of sulfur dioxide gas, were observed in satellite imagery. One of Africa's most notable volcanoes, Nyiragongo contained an active lava lake in its deep summit crater that drained catastrophically through its outer flanks in 1977. In contrast to the low profile of its neighboring shield volcano, Nyamuragira, Nyiragongo displays the steep slopes of a stratovolcano. Benches in the steep-walled, 1.2-km-wide summit crater mark the levels of former lava lakes, which have been observed since the late 19th century. About 100 parasitic cones are located on the volcano's flanks and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as Lake Kivu. Monitoring is done from a small observatory building located in Goma, ~18 km S of the Nyiragongo crater. (From GVO) - Nyiragongo Photos gallery - January 2011 (German group)
*************************************************************************************************************************

YEMEN - Jebel Zubaïr archipelago

January 15th, 2012

As of the 15th of January, EO-1 satellite image do not shows any volcanic activity on Jebel Zubaïr archipelago. The volcanic eruption in the Red Sea appears to have stopped, leaving behind a newborn island A satellite image acquired on 7 January showed the newly-formed island in the northern part of the Zubair Group. The island had grown to about 530 x 710 m, and a gas-and-steam plume containing ash rose from a distinct cone. As of the 30th of December, the eruptive activcity is still continuing (MODIS IMAGE). An eruption from the northern part of the Zubair Group continued during 21-27 December. MODIS imagery from NASA's satellites on 22 December showed a plume, possibly containing ash, rising from what was thought to be a submarine eruption. Imagery acquired on 23 December from the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA's EO-1 satellite showed a new island at the location with a plume rising from it, roughly 500 m N of Rugged Island and more than 500 m in diameter. The island was not present in a similar image acquired on 24 October 2007. As of the 22nd of December 2011, according to several informations, a volcanic activity occured off the coast of Yemen, probably from North part of Jebel Zubair volcano islands (Red Sea). However, there is still not a lot of information out there on this eruption. It seems that the eruption started on 19th of December, following a seismic crisis. On 19 and 20th of December a vapor plume was visible from the MODIS satellite images and OMI data revealed SO2 emisions. MODIS imagery from 20 December shows a plume rising from a submarine eruption about 1.5 km SW of Haycock and N of Rugged (near the N end of the Az-Zubair island group), and about 12 km NE of Jebel Zubair island. A bathymetric sketch map made in 1973 indicates a water depth of about 100 m in that area. New Modis image taken on 22nd of December shows clearly a volcanic plume Northwest of the Jebel Zubaïr extending 10 km to the North. A green discoloration was visible on the sea surface located East of the Jebel Zubaïr archipelago suggesting a submarine activity (?). The 5-km-long Jebel Zubair Island is the largest of a group of 10 small islands and submerged shoals that rise from a shallow platform in the Red Sea rift. The platform and eruptive vents forming the islands and shoals of the Zubair Group are oriented NNW-SSE, parallel to the rift. An early explosive phase was followed by a brief period of marine erosion, and then by renewed explosive activity accompanied by the extrusion of basaltic pahoehoe lava flows. This latest phase of activity occurred on the morphologically youngest islands of Zubair, Centre Peak, Saba, and Haycock. Historical explosive activity was reported from Saddle Island in the 19th century. Spatter cones and pyroclastic cones were erupted along fissures that form the low spine of Zubair Island.

****************************************************************************************************************************

ERITREA - Nabro volcano

September 29th, 2011

According to NASA's Earth Observatory, satellite images of Nabro acquired on 28 September showed heat from the vent in the central crater, and from an area 1.3 km S of the vent that indicated an active lava flow. A small and diffuse plume rose from the vent. A region of seemingly thicker black ash(that completely covered the sparse vegetation) was noted S of the crater and thinner layers of ash (with some areas of visible vegetation) flanked either side of the region. As of the 26th of July, OGA reported that an earquakes mag. 3.1 occured near the volcano site. Some thermal anomalies are still detected by MODIS. Previously, based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Toulouse VAAC reported that on 16 July an ash plume from Nabro rose to altitudes below 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. A weak eruption detected on 17 July decreased through the day then appeared to have stopped. As of the 4th of July, OMI reported that a rich SO2 volcanic plume was still visible from MODIS image taken at 8:00 TU issuing from thermal anomaly. The VAAC of Toulouse in France also reported ash plume the day before between 6PM and 10PM art about 6km high. As of the 1st of July, OGA reported that no seismic activity detected in the Nabro volcano vicinity. Small plume is still rose above the volcano. Two earthquakes occured in the Gulf of Tadjoura. As of the 30th of June, OGA reported that two eartquakes occured in the vicinity area of the Nabro volcano. The eruptive tremor is no longer detected since two days (image with detailed look 29th of June). In the morning 6.00 TU a volcanic plume still rose to about 4500 m above the volcano. (new satellite image 27th of June). During 22-26 June large amounts of sulfur dioxide in the region continued to be detected by satellite images. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Toulouse VAAC reported that during 26-27 June plumes rose to altitudes up to 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. As of the 23rd of June OGA reported that few earthquakes of low magnitudes were detected during the past hours. an ASTER image from TERRA satellite showed a 15 km long lava flows travelling NW emitted from the breach in the caldera wall toward the South. A high-altitude plume, likely rich in water vapor, rose from the erupting vents and a diffuse ash-rich plume drifted SW. The eruptive tremor is sill being high. Now, the eruptive plume (mainly SO2 content) covered a very long and large zone in Africa and middle East countries. As of the 21st of June, OGA reported that few earthquakes occured this day. The tremor activity decreased. As of the 18th of June,OGA reported that few earthquakes were recorded on Saturday morning. Slight recovery of the tremor activity occured yesterday after 20.00 UTC. Modis image showed a thermal anomaly at 7:45 TU yesterday in the morning (maybe a lava flow ?). After a short break during yesterday morning 17th of June, a new seismic phase started at 9:16 TU with an earthquake mag MI=5.8 that occured at 11:00 TU. As of the 16th of June, end of the afternoon, no plume was visible from the different satellite images. OGA reported a progressive decrease of the tremor activity from 4.00 UTC and remain barely visible after 10:00 UTC. As of the 14th of June, VAAC reported that Nabro erupted for a third day on Tuesday but with reduced intensity, its ash cloud spreading out over Sudan and toward Saudi Arabia and forcing the cancellation of some regional flights. The Toulouse VAAC reported that an eruption from Nabro (originally attributed to Dubbi) started between 0000 and 0200 on 13 June. An eruption plume initially rose to altitudes of 9.1-13.7 km (30,000-45,000 ft) a.s.l. then was later detected at altitudes of 6.1-10.7 km (20,000-35,000 ft) a.s.l. during 13-14 June. According to the Eritrean Ministry of Information, ashfall covered hundreds of kilometers and the government evacuated area residents. Witnesses noted that the eruption had started at about 2100 on 13 June. Satellite images that same day showed the plume drifting more than 1,000 km NW, over parts of Sudan. On 14 June a detached ash cloud was detected over southern Israel according to news articles. A plume from Nabro was not obvious on satellite imagery. As of the 13th of June 2011, the Vaac reported that the Nabro volcano in Eritrea erupted and sent a plume of ash up to 15 kilometres into the air on Monday, disrupting air traffic in the region. The eruption was preceded by seven moderate earthquakes yesterday afternoon. A 5.6 magnitude quake at 21.03 GMT signalled the start of the eruption. The quake was centred 48 km south of the town of  Edd (pop 11,259) and 199 km southwest of the city of Al-h'udaydah (pop 617,871). A 4.6 magnitude quake followed less than 35 minutes later. According to Meteo France (Vaac's operation for Southern Europe and Africa the eruption, which took place at 2100 GMT on Sunday, is "seems relatively important."Based on satellite images the volcanic ash is reaching altitudes of 13 to 15 kilometers.The eruption, which was continuing late Monday.. According to preliminary Meteo-France simulations, the lower-density ash clouds were heading west/northwest toward Sudan, while the higher-density clouds were heading west/southwest. If the cloud reaches Egypt, Israel or the Arab peninsula, the impact on air traffic will be more significant. On Monday afternoon officials in Ethiopia warned citizens to protect themselves from the ash and smoke coming from the volcanic eruption. Ash is falling on the northern Ethiopian town of Mekele. Asamara, the capital city of Eritrea, was also affected by ash from the erupting volcano. Nabro stratovolcano is the highest volcano in the Danakil depression of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. Located at the SE end of the Danakil Alps, Nabro lies in the Danakil horst. Nabro is the most prominent and NE-most of three volcanoes with large summit calderas aligned in a NE-SW direction SW of Dubbi volcano. These three volcanoes, along with Sork Ale volcano, collectively comprise the Bidu volcanic complex. The complex Nabro stratovolcano is truncated by nested calderas, 8 and 5 km in diameter. The larger caldera is widely breached to the SW. Nabro was constructed primarily of trachytic lava flows and pyroclastics. Post-caldera rhyolitic obsidian domes and basaltic lava flows were erupted inside the caldera and on its flanks. Some very recent lava flows were erupted from NNW-trending fissures transverse to the trend of the Nabro volcanic range. GVN/GVP

ETHIOPIA - Erta Ale volcano

February 5th, 2012

According to a member of Activ website, and following a recently 2012 fieldtrip a lava lake lies within the South pit-crater of the Erta Ale caldera. This lake was about 15 m depth with 50-60 m diameter. Important degassing occured from incandescent hornitos within the North pit-crater. News 2010 - As of the 5th of March 2010, according to Rafael Werndli reports an unusually hight lava level in the pit crater on Erta Ale in mid February 2010. The lake surface was approximately 20m below the pit's edge. The lava lake had a diameter of 100 to 110m. Occesional floodings of the uppermost terrace were observed. In addition a hornito was active in the north crater, ejecting scoriae and small lava flows. PREVIOUS INFORMATION AND REPORTS : As of the 20th of February 2008, the Stromboli-On-Line website has reported that upon their return to volcano Erta Ale, they found it to be in eruption on the 8th of February and have confirmed this information. Volcanologique de Geneve (SVG) trip on 8-9 February 2008 noted extensions of ropy lava in the N crater. The lake was little changed from the group's last visit in 2005. The group visited the N Crater, and, given its constant degassing, was able to take gas samples. They also measured the lake's surface temperature (700°C). The descent into this crater, seemingly easy, was made difficult by a mantle of very unstable lava scoria. An elevated level of the lava lake halted a subsequent descent.Previous information reported that on 7th of October 2005, according to Ethiopian newspaper an earthquake measuring 4.2 on the Richter scale, jolted northern Ethiopia (Teru area in Afar) on Tuesday triggering eruption of the Erta Ale. According to M; Manahlo Belachew, an expert in the seismology department of Addis Ababa University, the quake which strick the remote region afar is the 11th tremblor to rumble across the region since last month. As of 5th of October a hot spot was visible on the Erta Ale from the MODIS images which could confirmed an eruptive activty this day. Previous new report about recent activity of the Erta Ale : group of scientists assessed the visible changes at Erta Ale on 26 September after activity began around 24 September. In comparison to observations made in November 2004, they found that the southern main crater/pit had widened significantly, with portions of the previous crater walls having collapsed into the lava lake. A new cone-shaped construct had grown within the southern main crater where there had been a platform. A lava lake occupied the entire width of the inner crater/pit. In the northern crater/pit, there was a solidified lava bulge and abundant “smoking” along the crater walls. No incandescent lava was visible in the pit. Based on descriptions by local residents of seeing “red and glowing light shooting and rising into the air above the volcano,” the scientists believe that a Strombolian eruption probably occurred, emitting a significant volume of fresh magma within, and possibly out of, the pit. As of 4th of 0ctober, Personal source reported from Addis Ababa University that the recent earthquake that occured in Afar state has caused landslide and big fissure in Teru locality kebele 02 of the state near the active volcano Mount Erta Ale, a team of geologists who have just returned from the site disclosed. The earthquake observed from September 10 -24, 2005 is the culmination of volcanic activities in the area since millions of years ago, geologists Dr. Derge Ayalew and Dr. Gezahegn Yirgu told WIC. The geologists said the landslide and fissure are indicators that there would be a possible volcanic eruption in the future. The Physical Observatory of the Addis Ababa University recorded on Sunday earthquake that measured 5.5 on Richter scale following earthquake. In Erta Ale the volume of material inside the Crater is actually increasing i.e. rising up to the Crator rim. Due to all this recent geological activity the government is starting to evacuate the people residing around these areas. Previous Erta Ale visit : an international team led by SVE carried out a new visit at the Erta Ale from 22nd of January to 23rd of January 2005. During these two full days at the summit the eruptive activity showed no significant change since our previous observation carried out in November 2005. Degassing activity was still occuring from 3 of the 4 coalescents hornitos located in the SW part of the South crater, but decreased slightly in comparison with our December observations. There were about 10 m high and represented the only portion of the lava crust covering the crater floor where gas emissions were in evidence. One of the hornitos contained glowing molten lava visible from a window located in the upper part. During the clear day of Sunday 23rd of January, members of the team abseiled down within the crater to collect recent lava poured out from the hornitos during partial collapse. Degassing activity (mainly SO2) from the North crater has also slightly decreased in comparison with early December 2004. From a small terrace located in the NW part of the crater it was possible to observe the degassing activity from several hornitos ( some of them were several meters high in the central part of the " lava bulge ") - Near the NW wall of the crater two small red glowing areas were visible at the summit of two other hornitos. Seismic activity of the volcano, together with infrasound signals were recorded by a portable system of the University of Hamburg. Preliminary results of this deployment will be reported soon at this place. Informations : Henry Gaudru, SVE Geneva ; Alexander Gerst , University of Hamburg, Germany ; Georges Kourounis, Derek Tessier, Brian Fletcher (Toronto - Canada) , Motomaro Shirao (Tokyo- Japan) . A previous visit of the SVE-SVG group (4th of December 2004) have permits to observe an important change in the activity of the volcano. The lava lake activity stopped within the South pit crater and a solidified lava crust has filled the whole part of the crater floor (about 15 m below the crater rim). Three (4) coalescent hornitos (about ten meters high) have built on the solidified lava crust in the SE part of the South crater. During the night between 4th of 5th of December, some incandescent degassing lava was visible at the summit of two hornitos. Moreover, we have also noted that a new activity has recently occured within the North crater. A solidified lava bulge uplifted and filled more than 4/5 of the crater floor (about 20-25 below the crater rim). Strong and noisy degassing activity was occcuring in the central part of the lava bulge from several small hornitos. From the smell and bluish color, these gases contained a high quantity of SO2. During the night , ten small incandescent vents were visible at the periphery of the lava bulge. In the morning, two plumes rose above the volcano. Information : Henry Gaudru (SVE) and Co (SVG) - Erta Ale report in case of problem with this link look directly at "articles page" Recent Erta Ale photos 2011

*****************************************************************************************

PHILIPPINES - Mayon Volcano

May 9th, 2013

At 0800 on 8 May, PHIVOLCS reported that two rockfalls at Mayon had been detected within the previous 24 hours. Seismicity remained within background levels and indicated no increase in overall volcanic activity.
The Alert Level remained at 0 and the public was reminded not to enter the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ). As of the 7th of May, PHIVOLCS reported that at 8:00 AM tthis day, produced a small phreatic event that lasted about 73 seconds. The gray to brown clouds reached 500 meters above the summit and drifted west southwest. Ash fell in areas WNW, affecting the barangays of Muladbucad (10 km WSW), Guinobatan (11 km SW), Nabonton (10 km W), Nasisi (11 km W), Basag (10 km W), Tambo, Ligao City (19 km WSW), Albay (19 km SW), and areas upslope of these barangays. One rockfall was detected. No volcanic earthquake was detected within the past 24-hour observation period. Seismic and gas emission parameters remain within background levels and indicate no intensification of volcanic activity. Unfortunatly this phreatic explosion killed several tourists. The hikers apparently were caught in the ash eruption and falling rocks. A total of 27 hikers were on the volcano and requested assistance for rescue. As of reporting time, a total of 10 casualties were reported (five dead, five injured) while six individuals were reportedly unharmed. With the above observations, PHIVOLCS is maintaining an Alert Level 0 status which means that no magmatic eruption is imminent. However, small phreatic explosions including small steam and ash ejections may occur suddenly with little or no warning. It is strongly advised that the public refrain from entering the 6-kilometer radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) due to the threat of sudden steam-driven eruptions and rock falls from the upper and middle slopes of the volcano. Previously,PHIVOLCS reported that since the Alert Level for Mayon was lowered to 1 on 2 March, seismicity decreased, and ground and tilt monitoring data suggested regional faulting and not magmatic intrusion. Steaming from the crater was diffuse and crater incandescence had ceased in March. Sulfur dioxide emissions had decreased to below baseline levels. Mayon, a 2463-metre stratovolcano, is famous for the near-perfect symmetry of its cone, as well as its ability to unleash destructive eruptions, with hazards including pyroclastic flows, lahars and heavy ashfall. Particularly violent eruptions causing many deaths occurred in 1814 and 1897; more recently an eruption in September 1984 caused no fatalities after warnings from Philvolcs brought about the evacuation of more than 70,000 people from at-risk areas near the volcano. Information : PHIVOLCS - Latest satelllite image of the Mayon (every 30 mn)

PHILIPPINES - Taal volcano

September 23rd, 2011

Taal Volcano's seismic network detected seven (7) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Two of these events which occurred at 6:34 P.M. and 7:30 P.M. last night were felt at Intensity II by residents at Barangay Calauit in the southeastern part of the Volcano Island. Field measurements on 20 September 2011 at the eastern sector of the Main Crater Lake yielded slightly increased water temperature of 33.6 ° C from 33.5 ° C, water level at a steady 1.74 meters and more acidic pH of 2.72 from 2.79 as compared to previous readings. Field measurements on 06 September 2011 at the eastern sector of the Main Crater Lake yielded slightly increased water temperature of 33.5 ° C from 33.4 ° C and water level increase of 1.74 meters from 1.65 meters as compared to previous readings. Ground deformation survey (precise leveling) on the Volcano Island last 21-28 July 2011 indicated that the volcano edifice is slightly deflated compared with 01-10 June 2011, but is nonetheless still inflated compared with baseline data. Baselines calculated from continuous GPS (Global Positioning System) data for the period February to July 2011 also recorded a very slight but steady inflation of the northeast flank of the Volcano Island. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission recorded on 27 June 2011 at the Main Crater Lake was 1,821 tonnes/day, which is above background levels. Field measurements on 30 August 2011 at the western sector of the Main Crater Lake yielded slightly decreased water temperature of 32.9 ° C from 33.6 ° C and water level increase of 1.29 meters from 1.20 meters as compared to previous readings.  Field measurements conducted last 26 July 2011 at the eastern sector of the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature remained unchanged at 33.4 ° C, the water level increased from 0.86 meter to 0.91 meter and the pH value showed insignificant change from 2.85 to 2.86 as compared with the previous readings on 12 July 2011.  Minimal bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake. Measurements conducted last 19 July 2011 at the western sector of the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature changed slightly from 33.4 ° C to 33.0°C. The water level decreased from 0.85 meter to 0.81 meter and the pH value became less acidic from 2.80 to 2.91. Minimal bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake.  Results of the ground deformation survey (precise leveling) conducted around the Volcano Island last 01 - 10 June 2011 showed that the volcano edifice is slightly inflated relative to 26 April - 03 May 2011 survey.  Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate last 27 June 2011 at Taal Main Crater Lake yielded a value of 1,821 tonnes per day which is above the background level. As of the 18th of July, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded five (5) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. One (1) of these events was felt at Intensity II at Calauit, a barangay located at the eastern sector of the volcano. Field measurements conducted last 12 July 2011 at the eastern sector of the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature changed slightly from 33.4 ° C to 33.6°C. The water level increased from 0.74 meter to 0.86 meter and the pH value became less acidic from 2.74 to 2.85.  Minimal bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake. Results of the ground deformation survey (precise leveling) conducted around the Volcano Island last 01 - 10 June 2011 showed that the volcano edifice is slightly inflated relative to 26 April - 03 May 2011 survey.  Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate last 27 June 2011 at Taal Main Crater Lake yielded a value of 1,821 tonnes per day which is above the background level. Taal Volcano's status remains at Alert Level 1. As of the 5th of July. PHIVOLCS reported that Eleven (11) weeks after Taal Volcano's alert status was raised from Level 1 to Level 2 on 09 April 2011, the following monitoring parameters have been observed: 1.  The number of volcanic earthquakes recorded daily gradually declined to low levels beginning 1 st week of June 2011. From June 2 to 5, four (4) to eight (8) volcanic earthquakes were detected per day. Since June 6 to present, the number of recorded volcanic earthquakes further decreased to a daily count of zero (0) to six (6) small events. No perceptible volcanic earthquake has occurred since 02 June. 2.   Hydrothermal and steaming activities in the northern and northeast sides of the Main Crater and Daang Kastila area have abated.  Since 01 June 2011, the Main Crater Lake temperature remained at 32.5 ° C to 33.4 ° C, and despite becoming more acidic, measured pH of 2.78 – 2.59 vary around the baseline level of pH above 2.5.  All other geochemical parameters are returning to background levels. Bubbling activity at the northeastern sector of Main Crater Lake weakened and the activity has ceased in some of the bubbling sites. 3.   Ground temperature and total magnetic field measurements at Daang Kastila and in the Main Crater showed no significant changes in both parameters. 4.  Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) gas measurements at the Main Crater Lake since March 2011 showed a decreasing trend. From an elevated value of 4,670 tonnes per day (t/d) in March, CO 2 decreased to 2,057 t/d in May and then to 1,821 t/d in June. 5.  Precise leveling in June 2011 along the flanks of Volcano Island and Global Positioning System (GPS) data from November 2010 to June showed that the volcano is slightly inflated.  Ground deformation data, nonetheless, are not suggestive of large pressure build-up within the volcano edifice. The above observations suggest that Taal Volcano's activity has declined. In view thereof, PHIVOLCS is now lowering the status of the volcano from Alert Level 2 to Alert Level 1. As of the 24th of June, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded one (1) volcanic earthquake during the past 24 hours.  Field measurements conducted last 21 June 2011 at the western sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature increased from 32.9 ° C to 33.1°C, the water level increased from 0.33 meter to 0.60 meter and the water became more acidic (pH value from 2.88 to 2.62) as compared with the previous readings on 31 May 2011.  Minimal bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake.  Results of the ground deformation survey (precise leveling) conducted around the Volcano Island last 1 - 10 June 2011 showed that the volcano edifice is slightly inflated relative to the 26 April - 03 May 2011 survey. Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emission rates last 03-04 May 2011 at Taal Main Crater Lake yielded a value of 2,057 tonnes per day (t/d) which is above the background level. As of the 17th of June, PHIVOLCS reported that Taal Volcano's seismic network recorded four (4) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours.  Field measurements conducted last 14 June 2011 at the eastern sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature decreased to 32.9°C from 33.8 ° C, the water level increased to 0.59 meter from 0.31 meter and the pH value showed an insignificant change to 2.67 from 2.69 as compared with the previous readings on 7 June 2011.  Bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake. As of the 3rd of June, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded four (4) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours.  Field measurements conducted last 31 May 2011 at the western sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature increased from 32.5 ° C to 32.9°C, and the pH value became more acidic decreasing from 2.72 to 2.60.  Bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake. As of the 2nd of June, PHIVOLCS reported that Taal Volcano's seismic network recorded thirteen (13) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Two of these events were felt at   Intensity II by residents of Calauit located at the eastern sector of the volcano. The events were reportedly accompanied with rumbling sounds. As of the 1st of June, PHIVOLCS reported that Taal Volcano's seismic network recorded twenty two (22) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Two of these events were felt at   Intensity II by residents of Calauit, Tuoran and Bignay located at the eastern sector of the volcano. The events were reportedly accompanied with rumbling sounds. Field measurements conducted on 31 May 2011 at the western sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature increased from 32.5 ° C to 32.9°C, and the pH value became more acidic decreasing from 2.72 to 2.60. Bubbling activity was observed at the middle portion of the Main Crater Lake. As of the 30th of May, PHIVOLCS reported that a remarkable increase in the seismic activity occured on Taal Volcano. For the past 24 hours, Taal‘s seismic network detected a total of one hundred fifteen (115) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Twelve of these events were felt at Intensity I – IV by residents of Pira-piraso, Alas-as and Calauit located at northeast, southwest and southeast sectors of Volcano Island, respectively. One of these events (8:32 PM, 29 May) was felt at Intensity I, nine (9)  events (1:02:19 AM, 1:02:26 AM, 2:32 AM, 2:53 AM, 2:12 AM, 3:08:19 AM, 3:08:52 AM, 3:17 AM, 3:19 AM, 3:26 AM 30 May) were felt at Intensity II, one event (1:26 AM 30 May) was felt at Intensity III and another one (1:05 AM 30 May) was  felt at Intensity IV. All of these felt events were reportedly accompanied by rumbling sounds. As of the 26th of May, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded three (3) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Field measurements conducted on 24 May 2011 at the eastern sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature slightly increased from 32.5 ° C to 32.8°C, the pH value became more slightly acidic decreasing from 2.83 to 2.67 and the water level increased from 0.21 meter to 0.25 meter. Results of the ground deformation survey (precise leveling) conducted around the Volcano Island last 26 April - 03 May 2011 showed that the volcano edifice inflated slightly relative to the 05-11 April 2011 survey. Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emission rates last 03-04 May 2011 at Taal Main Crater yielded a lower value of 2,057 tonnes per day (t/d) compared with that measured last March 2011 which had a value of 4,750 t/d. However, the obtained value is still higher than the emission rates of 1,875 t/d measured last February 2011. Previously, as of the 18th of may, PHIVOLCS reported that Taal Volcano's seismic network recorded five (5) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours.  As of the 13th of May, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded five (5) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Field measurements conducted May 13, 2011 at the eastern sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature slightly increased from 32.0°C (May 5, 2011) to 32.5°C. The water is still acidic with the pH value remained at 2.94 and the water level slightly increased from 0.19 meter to 0.21 meter as compared with the reading on May 5, 2011. Results of the ground deformation measurement (precise leveling) conducted around the Volcano Island last 26 April -03 May 2011 showed that the volcano edifice is still inflated as compared with the 05-11 April 2011 survey. Results of gas measurements conducted between 03-04 May 2011 at Taal Main Crater yielded a carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate of 2,057 tonnes per day (t/d). This emission value is down from 4,750 t/d last March 2011, but still higher than the emission rates of 1,875 t/d measured last February 2011. As of the 6th of May, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded six (6) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours.  Field measurements conducted on 05 May 2011 at the eastern sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature increased from 31.5 ° C to 32.0 ° C, the water became more acidic with pH value decreasing from 3.09 to 2.94 and the water level further receded to 0.19 meters from the 0.23 meters as compared to the last reading on 19 April 2011. As of the 25th of April, PHIVOLCS reported that Taal Volcano's seismic network recorded fourteen (14 ) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours.Field observation and measurements conducted at the eastern sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the water temperature increased from 30.5 ° C to 31.5 ° C. Result of the ground deformation survey (precise leveling) conducted around the Volcano Island last 05-11 April 2011 showed that volcano edifice is slightly inflated as compared with the 02-09 February 2011 survey. As of the 23rd of April, PHIVOLCS reported that seismic network recorded nineteen (19) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. One of these events, which occurred at 12:23 midnight, was felt at Intensity II at Brgy. Calauit on the southeastern part of the Volcano Island. Another event which occurred at 4:31 AM today was felt at Intensity III in Brgy. Pira-piraso at the northeastern part of Volcano Island accompanied by rumbling sounds.  Field observation and measurements conducted at the eastern sector inside the Main Crater Lake showed that the temperature at the Main Crater Lake increased from 30.5 ° C to 31.5 ° C. As of the 19th of April, PHIVOLCS reported that Taal Volcano's seismic network recorded six (6) volcanic earthquakes during the past 24 hours. Alert Level 2 is hoisted over Taal Volcano with the interpretation that magma has been intruding towards the surface, as manifested by CO 2 being released in the Main Crater Lake and increase in seismic activity.  Hence, PHIVOLCS advises the public that the Main Crater, Daang Kastila Trail and Mt. Tabaro (1965 -1977 Eruption Site) are strictly off-limits because sudden hazardous steam-driven explosions may occur and high concentrations of toxic gases may accumulate.  Breathing air with high concentration of gases can be lethal to human, animals and even cause damage to vegetation.  In addition, it is reminded that entire Volcano Island is a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ), and permanent settlement in the island is strictly not recommended. Taal volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some of its most powerful historical eruptions. In contrast to Mayon volcano, Taal is not topographically prominent, but its prehistorical eruptions have greatly changed the topography of SW Luzon. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 sq km surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, and several eruptive centers lie submerged beneath the lake. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all historical eruptions. The island is a complex volcano composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones that has grown about 25% in area during historical time. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges from historical eruptions of Taal have caused many fatalities (gvn).

PHILIPPINES - Bulusan volcano

April 28h, 2012

As of the PHIVOLCS reported that the Alert Level for Bulusan was lowered to 0 (on a scale of 0-5) on 24 April following a decline in activity after a phreatic eruption on 13 May 2011. The frequency of earthquakes decreased to baseline levels of 0-2 per day, measurements indicated deflation since late November 2011, and steaming activity from the crater and known thermal vents had been frequently weak compared to more moderate steam emissions during periods of unrest. Entry into the permanent danger zone, defined by a 4-km radius around the volcano, remained prohibited. Bulusan lies at the SE end of the Bicol volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of the same name that forms the elongated SE tip of Luzon. A broad, flat moat is located below the topographically prominent SW rim of Irosin caldera; the NE rim is buried by the andesitic Bulusan complex. Bulusan is flanked by several other large intracaldera lava domes and cones, including the prominent Mount Jormajan lava dome on the SW flank and Sharp Peak to the NE. The summit of 1565-m-high Bulusan volcano is unvegetated and contains a 300-m-wide, 50-m-deep crater. Three small craters are located on the SE flank. Many moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded at Bulusan since the mid-19th century.

************************************************************************************************************************

INDONESIA Volcanoes activity VSI - CVGHM reports : Recent events in 2012 - 2013

Tangkubanparahu volcano ( Java) - CVGHM reported that phreatic eruptions from Tangkubanparahu's Ratu Crater occurred on 28 February 2013 and during 4-6 March, and generated ash plumes that rose up to 100 m above the crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased to a high level on 24 February and then decreased through 3 March. Sulfur dioxide emissions again increased during 5-9 March; CVGHM speculated that the increase was due to an enlargement of the eruptive vent, which had grown to a diameter of 20 m. Gas emissions decreased abruptly on 10 March and emission sounds stopped. Seismicity had significantly increased on 22 February, marked by a growing number of daily events. A significant decrease was detected on 9 March. Deflation was detected from 24 February through early March, but was then stable during 7-14 March. On 18 March the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4). CVGHM reported that on 21 February tremor increased at tangkubanparahu and diffuse ash emissions rose from Ratu Crater. Based on the seismicity, visual observations, and temperature increases of the land around the crater, the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and visitors were reminded not to approach the crater within a radius of 1.5 km. Tangkubanparahu is a broad shield-like stratovolcano overlooking Indonesia's former capital city of Bandung that was constructed within the 6 x 8 km Pleistocene Sunda caldera. The volcano's low profile is the subject of legends referring to the mountain of the "upturned boat." The rim of Sunda caldera forms a prominent ridge on the western side; elsewhere the caldera rim is largely buried by deposits of Tangkubanparahu volcano. The dominantly small phreatic historical eruptions recorded since the 19th century have originated from several nested craters within an elliptical 1 x 1.5 km summit depression. Tangkubanparahu last erupted in September 1983, when ash rose up to 150 m above the rim of Kawah Ratu. (GVN/GVP)

Dieng volcano complex (Java) - CVGHM reported that on 28 March 2013 gas emissions continued to be elevated at Timbang, a cone that is part of the Dieng Volcanic Complex. Plumes containing carbon dioxide drifted 2 km towards the S valley of Kali Sat, prompting a road closure until the early evening when the gas concentration decreased. On 30 March carbon dioxide gas emissions were not detected; however, "smoke" rose at most 100 m above the crater. Hydrogen sulfide odors were very potent in areas 1 km W and weak in areas 1.5 km S. On 19 April sulfur dioxide odors were reported. On 24 March Sileri Crater lake water changed from dark gray to brown. On 7 April white plumes rose 50 m and the water color returned to normal.
Diffuse white plumes rose 15 m on 20 April. Other craters had not exhibited any changes by 28 April.
Based on gas concentrations, seismicity, and visual observations, CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 8 May and warned the public not to approach Timbang Crater within a 500-m radius.
CVGHM reported that during 10-26 March gas emissions continued to be elevated at Timbang, a cone that is part of the Dieng Volcanic Complex. Plumes containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide drifted 2 km, and were toxic at a distance of 550 m. Seismicity increased during 13-26 March and then significantly increased on 27 March. CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 27 March and warned the public not to approach Timbang Crater within a 1 km radius. CVGHM reported that during 7-11 March 2013 instruments monitoring the Dieng Volcanic Complex detected carbon dioxide plumes from Timbang Crater drifting 50-200 m S; the concentration increased during 9-10 March. A strong sulfur odor was also reported, along with dead animals near the crater on 7 March. Observers noted white plumes rising from the crater that were diffuse during 7-8 March and dense during 9-10 March. Because of the increase of carbon dioxide emissions, CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 11 March and warned the public not to approach Timbang Crater within a 500 m radius. The Dieng plateau in the highlands of central Java is renowned both for the variety of its volcanic scenery and as a sacred area housing Java's oldest Hindu temples, dating back to the 9th century AD. The Dieng volcanic complex consists of two or more stratovolcanoes and more than 20 small craters and cones of Pleistocene-to-Holocene age over a 6 x 14 km area. Prahu stratovolcano was truncated by a large Pleistocene caldera, which was subsequently filled by a series of dissected to youthful cones, lava domes, and craters, many containing lakes. Lava flows cover much of the plateau, but have not occurred in historical time, when activity has been restricted to minor phreatic eruptions. Toxic volcanic gas emission has caused fatalities and is a hazard at several craters. The abundant thermal features that dot the plateau and high heat flow make Dieng a major geothermal prospect.

Guntur volcano (Java) - CVGHM reported that in early March 2013 a slight increase of deep and shallow volcanic-tectonic earthquakes at Guntur was recorded; volcanic tremor became continuous on 2 April, prompting CVGHM to raise the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Temperature measurements of hot springs in five different areas fluctuated until mid-April and then were relatively stable through early May. Seismicity also decreased in early May. On 7 May the Alert Level was lowered to 1. Guntur is a complex of several overlapping stratovolcanoes about 10 km NW of the city of Garut in western Java. Young lava flows, the most recent of which was erupted in 1840, are visible on the flanks of the erosionally unmodified Gunung Guntur, which rises about 1,550 m above the plain of Garut. Guntur is one of a group of younger cones constructed to the SW of an older eroded group of volcanoes at the NE end of the complex. Guntur, whose name means "thunder," is the only historically active center, with eruptions having been recorded since the late-17th century. Although Guntur produced frequent explosive eruptions in the 19th century, making it one of the most active volcanoes of western Java, it has not erupted since. (GVN/GVP)

Kawah Ijen volcano (Java) - CVGHM reported that, although weather conditions at Ijen often prevented
views of the volcano during 1-24 July 2012, white plumes were occasionally observed rising 50-100 m above the crater. Seismicity indicated unrest, and along with visual observations, prompted CVGHM to raise the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 24 July. CVGHM reported that during 1-30 April white plumes from Ijen rose 100-200 m above the crater; during 1-11 May diffuse white plumes rose 50-100 m. From the beginning of April until 13 May the amplitude and number of earthquakes gradually decreased and the crater lake water temperature decreased by eight degrees Celsius. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 13 May. On 24 March 2012, CVGHM reported that Ijen's lake water chemistry changed during 10 January-17 March, exhibiting a significant increase in carbon dioxide, especially after 5 February, and an increase in acidity. The lake surface temperature increased from 28.8 degrees Celsius on 3 March to 45.1 degrees Celsius on 17 March. The lake water temperature at a depth of 5 m also rose from 42.7 to 44.7 degrees Celsius on 3 and 17 March, respectively. Seismicity increased starting in March. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). CVGHM raised the Alert Level for Ijen from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 12
March because of increased seismicity and visual observations. On 10 March scientists observed some plant damage around the crater lake and a 10-m-wide area of disrupted water on the crater-lake surface.CVGHM lowered the Alert Level for Ijen from 3 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 8 February based on decreased seismicity and visual observations of white plumes rising as high as 300 m above the crater. In addition, a decrease in lake water temperature was measured, which ranged from 42 degrees Celsius on 20 January to 37 degrees on 2 February. The Ijen volcano complex consists of a group of small stratovolcanoes constructed within the large 20-km-wide Ijen (Kendeng) caldera. The N caldera wall forms a prominent arcuate ridge, but elsewhere the caldera rim is buried by post-caldera volcanoes, including Gunung Merapi stratovolcano, which forms the 2,799 m high point of the Ijen complex. Immediately W of Gunung Merapi is the renowned historically active Kawah Ijen volcano, which contains a nearly 1-km-wide, turquoise-colored, acid crater lake. The picturesque lake is the site of a labor-intensive sulfur mining operation, in which sulfur-laden baskets are hand-carried from the crater floor. A half dozen small-to-moderate phreatic eruptions have taken place from Kawah Ijen during the 20th century.

Papandayan volcano (Java) - CVGHM reported that during 1 April-5 May 2013 soil temperatures around
Papandayan's crater fluctuated but increased overall. During 1-5 May seismicity increased, prompting CVGHM to raise the Alert level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 5 May. Tourists and residents were reminded not to venture within 2 km of the active crater.Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano with four large summit craters, the youngest of which was breached to the NE by collapse during a brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole fields. The broad 1.1-km-wide, flat-floored Alun-Alun crater truncates the summit of Papandayan, and Gunung Puntang to the N gives the volcano a twin-peaked appearance. Several episodes of collapse have given the volcano an irregular profile and produced debris avalanches that have impacted lowland areas beyond the volcano. Since its first historical eruption in 1772, in which a catastrophic debris avalanche destroyed 40 villages, only two small phreatic eruptions have occurred from vents in the NE-flank fumarole field, Kawah Mas. (GVN/GVP)

Mount Semeru ( Java) - CVGHM reported that during 1-29 February 2012 multiple pyroclastic flows from
Semeru traveled 500 and 2,500 m into the Besuk Kembar and Besuk Kobokan rivers (on the S flank), respectively. During 1 February-30 April dense gray-to-white plumes rose 100-500 m above Jongring Seloko crater and drifted W and N. Incandescence was visible up to 50 m above the crater during 1 February-31 March. Seismicity decreased from March to April. Observations indicated that the lava dome grew in April. On 2 May CVGHM lowered the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and reminded the public not to approach the crater within a 4-km radius. . On 3 February 2012 , CVGHM reported that from 29 December 2011 to 2 February 2012 seismicity increased at Semeru, and dense white and gray plumes rose as high as 600 m above the Jonggring Seloko crater. During the month of January crater incandescence was observed and avalanches carried incandescent material 200-400 m away from the crater. On 2 February a large explosion was reported and incandescent material was ejected 2.5 km from the crater. Based on the seismic activity and visual observations, CVGHM raised the Alert Level from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 2 February. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The volcano, rises abruptly to 3676 m above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Semeru has been in almost continuous eruption since 1967

Mount Galunggung (Java) -CVGHM reported that, since the Alert Level was raised on 12 February,
seismic activity at Galunggung had drastically decreased through 27 May. During 27 April-27 May plants around the crater area looked green and lush, small fish were swimming in the water, and insects around the crater were active. Based on seismic data, crater lake water temperature and pH data, and visual observations, CVGHM lowered the Alert Level from 2 to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 28 May. CVGHM reported that on 13 February, CVGHM reported that from September 2011 to 8 February 2012 discolorations in the crater lake water at Galunggung were observed. In addition, a sudden increase in water temperature was measured, from 27 degrees Celsius on 5 February to 40 degrees on 8 February. Based on seismic data and crater lake observations, CVGHM raised the Alert Level from 1 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 12 February and recommended staying at least 500 m away from the lake shore. The forested slopes of 2,168-m-high Galunggung volcano in western Java are cut by a large horseshoe-shaped caldera breached to the SE that has served to channel the products of recent eruptions in that direction. The "Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya" dotting the plain below the volcano are debris-avalanche hummocks from the collapse that formed the breached caldera about 4,200 years ago. Although historical eruptions, restricted to the central vent near the caldera headwall, have been infrequent, they have caused much devastation. The first historical eruption in 1822 produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that killed over 4,000 persons. More recently, a strong explosive eruption during 1982-1983 caused severe economic disruption to populated areas near the volcano. (GVN/GVP)

Lokon-Empung volcano (Sulawesi) - Based on both web-camera views and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 11 April an ash plume from Lokon-Empung rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery. As of the 8th of April, CVGHM reported that following an increasing of the seismic activity new strong explosive activity occurred in the morning few before 10 AM (local time) - 2AM GMT - A volcanic ash plume rose to about 3000 m high above the volcano. Following the main explosion ash emission continued. Previously, according to a news article, an eruption from Lokon-Empung occurred on 20 March at 0757, producing an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater. According to news articles, Lokon-Empung erupted twice on 31 January, producing an ash plume that rose 800 m after the first eruption. Seismicity had increased the day before. In another article the head of the Lokon observation post reported that eruptions from Lokon occurred daily, and specifically that nine eruptions had occurred on 2 February. Based on a ground report from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Lokon-Empung rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. on 3 February. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery. As of the 24th of January, CVGHM reported that a new explosive activity started at about 5 AM (local time ) and was contuinuing during the day with other samll explosions accompanied by a strong degassing. Ashfalls occurred on Kinilow located at 4 km Norheast. Based on reports from CVGHM and ASHTAMs (a special NOTAM for volcanic ash), the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose from Lokon-Empung rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.5 km (12,000-14,800 ft) a.s.l. during 15-16 January. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery. As of the 8th of January, CVGHM reported that a new explosion occurred at 9:50 am (local time) generating a volcanic plume that rose to about 2500 m high. As of the 2nd of January 2013, CVGHM reported that a new explosive activity occurred at 6:14 pm ( local time) generating an eruptive plume rose to about 2000 m above the volcano.Previously, on 31st of December 2012 two explosions occurred at 4:37 pm and 4:47 pm. Based on ground reports from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose from Lokon-Empung on 17 December. As of the 17th of December, CVGHM reported that a new explosion occurred at 12:09 pm (local time) generating an eruptive plume that rose to about 3000 m high. Based on information from CVGHM and the WAAA MWO (in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia), the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption from Lokon-Empung produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. on 6 December and drifted S. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery. On 10 December a plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. According to the Darwin VAAC, CVGHM reported that an eruption from Lokon-Empung produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. on 28 November. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery. Based on a SIGMET, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 11 November an ash plume from Lokon-Empung rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. The twin volcanoes Lokon and Empung, rising about 800 m above the plain of Tondano, are among the most active volcanoes of Sulawesi. Lokon, the higher of the two peaks (whose summits are only 2.2 km apart) has a flat, craterless top. The morphologically younger Empung volcano has a 400-m-wide, 150-m-deep crater that erupted last in the 18th century, but all subsequent eruptions have originated from Tompaluan, a 150 x 250 m wide double crater situated in the saddle between the two peaks. Historical eruptions have primarily produced small-to-moderate ash plumes that have occasionally damaged croplands and houses, but lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows have also occurred.

Paluweh volcano (Lesser Sunda Islands) - Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 13 May 2013 ash plumes from Paluweh rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 90 km WNW and NW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 4-5 May 2013 ash plumes from Paluweh rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-55 km SW and W. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29-30 April ash plumes from Paluweh rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-110 km NW and W.Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 20 April an ash plume from Paluweh rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45 km NW.Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 16 April an ash plume from Paluweh rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 37 km E. During 6-7 April ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 45 km W and WSW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 27 March-1 April ash plumes from Paluweh rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.7 km (8,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-100 km N, NE, and E. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 19-21 and 24-26 March ash plumes from Paluweh rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55-335 km SW, WSW, W, NW, and NE. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13 and 17-19 March ash plumes from Paluweh rose to altitudes of 2.4 km (7,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-95 km E, W, and WNW.Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 9-12 March ash plumes from Paluweh rose to altitudes of 2.4 km (7,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-75 km E and NW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 17-18 February ash plumes rose to an altitude of 7 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km E and NE. On 2 February an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 4 km and was accompanied by booms and rumbling. The ash plume drifted S and deposited ashfall up to 1 mm thick in Ende (60 km S); thick ashfall was reported in Ona (SE part of the island) and thin deposits were reported in other areas of the island to the W, N, and E. About 25% of the S portion of the dome was lost; the lava-dome volume was an estimated 5.1 million cubic meters on 13 January.(lava dome video) .On 3 February an ash eruption was observed as well as incandescence from the crater. During 4-10 February diffuse white plumes rose 50-100 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and visitors and residents were prohibited from approaching the crater within a 3-km-radius. NE. (satellite image). Due to the growing lava dome several valley located West and Southwest around now could be impacted in addition to the South open valley Several villages are directly threatened with the eruptive activity (Nitunglea, Rokirole, Tuanggeo, Ona, Wolondopo). Ashfalls also could be occurs around the volcano. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 8-12 February ash plumes from Paluweh rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.7 km (7,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-110 km NW, NNW, and N. According to news articles, an explosion from Paluweh occurred at 2300 on 2 February and was clearly heard by local residents. Authorities evacuated by boat all residents from the eight villages on the island. Ashfall was reported during 2-3 February. Paluweh volcano, also known as Rokatenda, forms the 8-km-wide island of Paluweh N of the volcanic arc that cuts across Flores Island. Although the volcano rises about 3,000 m above the sea floor, its summit reaches only 875 m above sea level. The broad irregular summit region contains overlapping craters up to 900 m wide and several lava domes. Several flank vents occur along a NW-trending fissure. The largest historical eruption of Paluweh occurred in 1928, when a strong explosive eruption was accompanied by landslide-induced tsunamis and lava-dome emplacement. (GVN/GVP)

Sangang Api ( Lesser Sunda islands) - CVGHM reported that during 1-19 May 2013 diffuse white plumes rose 10 m above Sangeang Api's crater. Both the lava dome and surrounding areas showed no changes since November 2012. Seismicity had increased on 26 April and remained high. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 19 May. Residents and tourists were advised not to approach the craters within a radius of 5 km. Sangeang Api volcano, one of the most active in the Lesser Sunda Islands, forms a small 13-km-wide island off the NE coast of Sumbawa Island. Two large trachybasaltic-to-tranchyandesitic volcanic cones, 1949-m-high Doro Api and 1795-m-high Doro Mantoi, were constructed in the center and on the eastern rim, respectively, of an older, largely obscured caldera. Flank vents occur on the south side of Doro Mantoi and near the northern coast. Intermittent historical eruptions have been recorded since 1512.

G. Raung (Java) - CVGHM reported that during March 2013 white plumes rose at most 400 m above
Raung. Seismicity decreased significantly on 25 March, and tremor was absent starting in April. On 5 April the Alert level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and residents were warned not to approach the
crater within a 1.8-km radius. Raung, one of Java's most active volcanoes, is a massive stratovolcano in easternmost Java that was constructed SW of the rim of Ijen caldera. The 3,332-m-high, unvegetated summit of Gunung Raung is truncated by a dramatic steep-walled, 2-km-wide caldera that has been the site of frequent historical eruptions. A prehistoric collapse of Gunung Gadung on the W flank produced a large debris avalanche that traveled 79 km from the volcano, reaching nearly to the Indian Ocean. Raung contains
several centers constructed along a NE-SW line, with Gunung Suket and Gunung Gadung stratovolcanoes being located to the NE and W, respective. (GNV/GVP)

Dukono (Halmahera) - Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 June an ash plume from Dukono rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 110 km W. An ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 85 km W on 19 June. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 25 May an ash plume from Dukono rose to an altitude of 4.5 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 185 km E. Ash plumes again rose to an altitude of 4.5 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. drifting 130 km E on 27 May and 93 km NE on 28 May. An ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km NE during 28-29 May. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 May an ash plume from Dukono rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km E. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 8-9 May ash plumes from Dukono rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km SE. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed .

G. Karangetang (Siau Island)- Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC
reported that on 9 April 2013 an ash plume from Karangetang rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 45 km WNW. According to a news article, pahoehoe lava flows traveled 150 m and rock avalanches traveled 2 km down the flanks on that same day. The 1784-m-high stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. Karangetang is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 50 eruptions recorded since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not documented in the historical record (Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World: Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of lava flow fronts has also produced pyroclastic flows.

Anak Krakatau ( Sunda Strait) - According to NASA's Earth Observatory, a satellite image of Krakatau
acquired on 4 September showed fresh lava flows descending the SE flank of Anak Krakatau, extending the shoreline by about 100 m. CVHM reported that during 1 June-1 September observations of Anak Krakatau were often prevented by fog; occasionally diffuse white plumes were observed rising from the crater in June. Seismicity increased significantly in August. On 2 September seismicity again increased, and at 1830 a strombolian eruption ejected lava 200-300 m above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and visitors were warned not to approach the volcano within 1 km of the crater. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 3 September ASHplumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-4.3 km and drifted 35-95 km N. CVGHM lowered the Alert Level for Anak Krakatau from 3 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 26 January. No details or reasons for the change were given in the report. On 8 October, a news article stated that activity at Anak Krakatau was increasing; the number of seismic events was 5,204 on 6 October, 5,543 on 7 October, and 5,883 on 8 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and visitors and residents were not permitted to approach the volcano within a 2-km radius As of the 4th of October, CVGHM reported that new explosions occured this day. The volcano had been experiencing a very sharp increase in seismicity numbering over 6000-7000 a day (well above the background of 100-300 per day). A 2km exclusion zone was established around the island volcano. A satellite image acquired on 31 July 2011 showed a diffuse ash plume rising from Anak Krakatau and drifting W The renowned Krakatau volcano lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 AD, resulted in a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this volcano formed Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left only a remnant of Rakata volcano. The post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau), constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan, has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927. Live Webcam

Soputan volcano (Sulawesi) - CVGHM reported that seismicity at Soputan increased during January-18 April 2013 and then significantly increased on 19 April. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 19 April. Visitors and residents were prohibited from going within a 6.5-km radius of the crater.
Previously, as of the 26th of August 2012 , VSI reported that a strong explosion occurred at about 4 pm (local time) whisch generated an eruptive column that rose to about 10.000 high. Ashfall occured on the North flank of the volcano. (Video) .According to NASA's Earth Observatory, a satellite image acquired on 8 August showed a small volcanic plume rising from Soputan.The small Soputan stratovolcano on the southern rim of the Quaternary Tondano caldera on the northern arm of Sulawesi Island is one of Sulawesi's most active volcanoes. The youthful, largely unvegetated volcano rises to 1784 m and is located SW of Sempu volcano. It was constructed at the southern end of a SSW-NNE trending line of vents. During historical time the locus of eruptions has included both the summit crater and Aeseput, a prominent NE-flank vent that formed in 1906 and was the source of intermittent major lava flows until 1924. Last previous eruption occured in 2008. VSI website

Batu Tara volcano (Flores) - Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin Volcanic
Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that during 1 and 6-7 May 2013 ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-55 km NW and W. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that during 24-30 April ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (5,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-110 km W, WNW, and NW.Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that during 17 and 20-21 April ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-55 km N, NW, and W. On 23 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 18-27 km NW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that during 13-16 April ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (5,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-45 km NW, N, NE, and SE.The small isolated island of Batu Tara in the Flores Sea about 50 km north of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island contains a scarp on the eastern side similar to the Sciara del Fuoco of Italy's Stromboli volcano. Vegetation covers the flanks of Batu Tara to within 50 m of the 748-m-high summit. Batu Tara lies north of the main volcanic arc and is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic and tephritic rocks. The first historical eruption from Batu Tara, during 1847-52, produced explosions and a lava flow. The Current Colour Code for Batu Tara is ORANGE

Lewotobi volcano (Flores Island) - CVGHM reported that seismicity at Lewotobi Lakilaki, one of two
stratovolcanoes comprising Lewotobi, fluctuated but declined overall during 18 September 2011-25 March 2012. No significant changes were observed at the volcano. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 29 March. Observers of Lewotobi Perempuan, the second stratovolcano comprising Lewotobi, noted that during January-March diffuse white plumes rose 15 m above the crater and no significant changes had occurred. After 31 August 2011 through 25 March 2012 seismicity fluctuated but declined overall. On 29 March the Alert Level was lowered to 1. The Lewotobi "husband and wife" twin volcano (also known as Lewetobi) in eastern Flores Island is composed of the Lewotobi Lakilaki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes. Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical 1,584-m-high Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader 1,703-m-high Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the crescentic summit craters of both volcanoes, which are open to the N. A prominent flank cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Lewotobi Perampuan. (GVN/GVP)

Seulawah Agam volcano (Sumatra) - CVGHM reported that visual observations of Seulawah Agam during 27 December-2 January seismicity increased. Visual observations were prevented due to fog, although on 2 January scientists observed a new solfatara that produced roaring noises and was within 20 m of van Heutsz Crater on the NNE flank. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 3 January. Seulawah Agam at the NW tip of Sumatra is an extensively forested volcano of Pleistocene-Holocene age constructed within the large Pleistocene Lam Teuba caldera. A smaller 8 x 6 km caldera lies within Lam Teuba caldera. The summit contains a forested, 400-m-wide crater. The active van Heutsz crater, located at 650 m on the NNE flank of Suelawah Agam, is one of several areas containing active fumarole fields. Sapper (1927) and the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW) reported an explosive eruption in the early 16th century, and the CAVW also listed an eruption from the van Heutsz crater in 1839. Rock et al. (1982) found no evidence for historical eruptions. However the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia noted that although no historical eruptions have occurred from the main cone, the reported NNE-flank explosive activity may have been hydrothermal and not have involved new magmatic activity. (GVN/GVP)

**************************************************************************************************************************

RUSSIA - Bezymianny volcano (Kamchatka)

February 10th, 2013

KVERT reported that during 1-8 February seismic activity at Bezymianny was obscured by strong seismicity at Tolbachik. A viscous lava flow continued to effuse on the lava-dome flank, accompanied by gas-and-steam emissions. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite imagery on 31 January and 1 February; cloud cover prevented views on the other days. As of the 3rd of September, KVERT reported that Based on seismic data analyses, an explosive eruption occurred from 0716 to 0745 on 2 September. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 10-12 km and drifted more than 1,500 km ENE. A thermal anomaly observed in satellite imagery was very bright before the explosion. Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE later that day, then ash emissions ceased. Ash plumes continued to be detected in satellite imagery and drifted 450-600 km ENE and SE. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow. On 3 September seismic activity was low. A viscous lava flow effused on the lava-domeflank, and was accompanied by fumarolic activity and hot avalanches. (photos). During 9-13 March strong gas-and-steam emissions were noted, a viscous lava flow effused onto the lava-dome flank, and a thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange on 14 March. As of the 9th of March, KVERT reported that a strong explosive eruption began at 21:27 UTC on March 08. According to seismic data, the culmination phase of the eruption occurred from 21:27 till 22:10 UTC on March 08, a magnitude of volcanic tremor was 7.52 µm/s at that time. From 23:00 UTC on March 08, volcanic tremor was not registering. Ash plumes from pyroclastic deposits rose up to 26,200 ft (8 km) a.s.l. and extended to the northeast of the volcano on the height about 19,700 ft (6 km) a.s.l. At about 00:15 UTC on March 09, probably a new portion of ash began to extending a little to northern to northeast of the volcano. According to satellite data, a length of ash plume was about 434 mi (700 km) at 04:32 UTC on March 09. According to video data, gas-steam plumes containing ash are raising up to 11,500-13,100 ft (3.5-4.0 km) a.s.l. and extending to the north-east of the volcano.(MODIS image) Ashfall was reported in Ust-Kamchatsk Village (120 km ENE). Later that day activity decreased significantly and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. Previous news - Seismic activity increased on February 12 and remained the same till February 29: about 7-19 weak seismic events were registering each day. There were 40 weak seismic events on March 01 and 25 events on March 02. Long episode of volcanic tremor was registered on March 02. Probably an extrude of lava blocks at the top of the dome occur, that prepares a strong explosive eruption of the volcano. According to satellite data, a size and a brightness of a thermal anomaly abrupt increased on March 02 (at 09:35 UTC on March 02, a temperature of the thermal anomaly was +53.4 degrees of Celsius). Density clouds obscured the volcano on March 02. Seismic activity increased on February 12 and remains the same till now: about 9-17 weak seismic events are registering each day. Two short episodes of volcanic tremor were registered on February 15 and 22. Probably an extrude of lava blocks at the top of the dome occur, that prepares a strong explosive eruption of the volcano. A strong and moderate gas-steam activity was observed at the volcano all week. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly over the volcano continues to noting on the satellite images; gas-steam plumes were extending to the northeast of the volcano on February 20 and 22. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on January 20 and 24-26, clouds obscured the volcano in the other days of week. (webcam) .Prior to its 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny volcano had been considered extinct. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. That eruption, similar to the 1980 event at Mount St. Helens, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. KVERT

RUSSIA - Sheveluch volcano ( Kamchatka)

May 20th, 2013

Based on visual observations and analyses of satellite data, KVERT reported that during 10-16 May a viscous lava flow effused on the N flank of Shiveluch's lava dome, accompanied by hot avalanches, incandescence, and fumarolic activity. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly on the lava dome. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and notices from Yelizovo Airport (UHPP), the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 18 May ash plumes rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Based on visual observations and analyses of satellite data, KVERT reported that during 3-10 May a viscous lava flow effused on the NW and NE flanks of Shiveluch's lava dome, accompanied by hot avalanches, incandescence, and fumarolic activity. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly on the lava dome. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.Based on visual observations and analyses of satellite data, KVERT reported that during 26 April-3 May a viscous lava flow effused on the NW and NE flanks of Shiveluch's lava dome, accompanied by hot valanches, incandescence, and fumarolic activity. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly on the lava dome. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and notices from Yelizovo Airport (UHPP), the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 5 May an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Based on visual observations and analyses of satellite data, KVERT reported that during 19-26 April a viscous lava flow effused on the NW flank of Shiveluch's lava dome, accompanied by hot avalanches, incandescence, and fumarolic activity. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly on the lava dome. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Based on visual observations and analyses of satellite data, KVERT reported that during 12-19 April a viscous lava flow effused on the NW flank of Shiveluch's lava dome, accompanied by hot avalanches, incandescence, and fumarolic activity. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly on the lava dome. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 April ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Subsequent images that day showed that the ash had dissipated. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Based on visual observations and analyses of satellite data, KVERT reported that during 5-12 April a viscous lava flow effused on the E flank of Shiveluch's lava dome, accompanied by hot avalanches, incandescence, and fumarolic activity. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly on the lava dome. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Sheveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. Strong culmination explosive eruption of the lava dome of Sheveluch volcano occurred in 1993, 2001, 2004 and two in 2005. Live cam link

RUSSIA - Karymsky volcano (Kamchatka)

May 5th, 2013

KVERT reported that satellite data showed a thermal anomaly on Karymsky on 26 April. Two streaks of ash deposits near the volcano were observed during 1-2 May: about 15 km to the W and about 30 km to the NW of the volcano. Technical problems prevented seismic data collection during 26 April-3 May. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that satellite data showed a thermal anomaly on Karymsky on 1 and 3 April. Technical problems prevented seismic data collection. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that weak-to-moderate seismic activity at Karymsky was detected during 15-22 March. Satellite data showed a weak thermal anomaly on the volcano on 18 March. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that weak-to-moderate seismic activity at Karymsky was detected during 8-15 March. Satellite data showed that the volcano was quiet. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that moderate seismic activity at Karymsky was detected during 28 February-7 March. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater.

RUSSIA - Kliuchevskoy volcano (Kamchatka)

March 20th, 2013

KVERT reported that activity at Kliuchevskoi decreased in late 2012, around the same time the Tolbachik eruption started. In mid-January 2013 seismic activity decreased and Strombolian activity ceased. Starting in February incandescence at the summit and thermal anomalies were not observed. Weak seismic activity continued. On 18 March the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green, the lowest level. KVERT reported that during 18-25 January video footage and satellite imagery showed Strombolian explosions at Kliuchevskoi, along with crater incandescence and gas-and-steam emissions. Views from satellite were obscured by cloud cover. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.Previously KVERT reported that during 14-21 December 2012 video footage and satellite imagery showed Strombolian explosions at Kliuchevskoi, along with crater incandescence and gas-and-steam emissions. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite images on 16 and 18 December; cloud cover obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.KVERT reported that during 7-14 December video footage and satellite imagery showed Strombolian explosions at Kliuchevskoi, along with crater incandescence and gas-and-steam emissions. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite images during 7-8, 10, and 12-13 December; cloud cover obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that during 30 November-7 December video footage and satellite imagery showed Strombolian explosions at Kliuchevskoi, along with crater incandescence and gas-and-steam emissions. A weak thermal anomaly was detected in satellite images during 1 and 4-6 December; cloud cover obscured views on the other days. Kliuchevskoi flanks Kamen volcano to the SW and Ushkovsky volcano to the NW. More than 100 flank eruptions have occurred during the past roughly 3000 years . Live cam link

RUSSIA - Tolbalchik volcano

May 18th, 2013

KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 10-16 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and gas-and-ash plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 3-10 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and gas-and-ash plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 26 April-3 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and gas-and-ash plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 19-26 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 12-19 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 5-12 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. A weak thermal anomaly was detected over the crater of the volcano on 6 and 9 April. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 29 March-5 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 22-29 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 15-22 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 8-15 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 28 February-7 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 22 February-1 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow on the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 15-22 February that traveled to the W, S, and SE sides of the plateau. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 8-15 February that traveled to the W, S, and SE sides of the plateau. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 1-8 February that traveled to the W and S sides of the plateau. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 25 January-1 February that traveled to the W and S sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 18-25 January that traveled to the W and S sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 11-18 January that traveled to the W and S sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 4-15 January that traveled to the W and SE sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 28 December-8 January. Strong seismicity was detected. Gas-and-ash plumes drifted in multiple directions, and a fifth cone continued to grow above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 21-28 December. Strong seismicity was detected. Gas-and-ash plumes drifted in multiple directions, and a fifth cone continued to grow above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows that traveled 17-20 km during 17-21 December. Strong seismicity was detected. Gas-and-ash plumes drifted in multiple directions, and a fifth cone grew above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows that traveled 17-20 km during 7-17 December. Strong seismicity was detected. Ash plumes rose less than 1 km and drifted in multiple directions, and at least two cones grew above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. As of the 14th of December, KVERT reported that eruptive activity was still continuing. Lava flows effused on the West Flank of the rift zone (Tolbachinsky Dol). The eruptive plume decreased slightly above the volcano during the past hours. As of the 12th of December, KVERT reported that KVERT reported that the eruption from Tolbachik that began on 27 November continued through 11 December. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of the volcano, was reported daily. Lava effused from two fissures along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol; lava had flowed 17-20 km away from the S fissure by 7 December. Ash plumes rose less than 500 m during 1-5 December, and minor ashfall was reported in Kozyrevsk (40 km NW) and Klyuchi (65 km NW) villages on 3 December. Gas-and-steam plumes drifted 250 km SE on 5 December, and rose as high as 1 km during 7-11 December and drifted SW and W. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. As of the 7th of December, KVERT reported that the eruption was still continuing but seemed decreasing regarding the prvious days. (photos). As of the 5th of December, KVERT reported that the eruptive activity was still continuing. On the morning, the eruptive plume rose to about 4000 m above the volcano. (image Modis). KVERT reported that an eruption from Tolbachik that began on 27 November continued through 30 November. Lava effused from two fissures along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of the volcano, and ash plumes rose less than 500 m on 28 November. A large thermal anomaly was detected on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol. On 29 November the Aviation Color Code was raised to Red. Ash plumes rose less than 500 m and drifted 300 km ESE. Later that day seismicity decreased and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. During 29 November-1 December Strombolian activity and lava effusion from two fissures continued. A large thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite imagery, and ashfall was reported in Kozyrevsk (40 km NW). According to a news article on 30 November, the lava flows destroyed two scientific base camps 10 km away. On 1 December gas-and-steam plumes with small amounts of ash rose over 400 m. The eruption poses no threat to the local population. Previously, KVERT reported that episodes of volcanic tremor were detected in the area of Plosky Tolbachik during 7-10, 18, and 26 November. The number of shallow volcanic earthquakes increased to 250 on 26 November. A strong event occurred at 1652 on 27 November. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow. That same day observers from Kozyrevsk (40 km NW) and Lazo (50 km SW) villages reported ash explosions and lava flows at Tolbachinsky Dol, in the same area as the 1975 eruption (northern vents). Ashfall, 4 cm thick, was reported in Krasny Yar (60 km NNW). The Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange. Based on information from the Kamchatka Branch of Geophysical Services (KGBS), the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes possibly rose to altitudes of 6.1-10.1 km (20,000-33,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash plumes were not detected in satellite imagery. Plume altitudes were estimated based on seismic data. The massive Tolbachik basaltic volcano is located at the southern end of the dominantly andesitic Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The Tolbachik massif is composed of two overlapping, but morphologically dissimilar volcanoes. The flat-topped Plosky Tolbachik shield volcano with its nested Holocene Hawaiian-type calderas up to 3 km in diameter is located east of the older and higher sharp-topped Ostry Tolbachik stratovolcano. The summit caldera at Plosky Tolbachik was formed in association with major lava effusion about 6500 years ago and simultaneously with a major southward-directed sector collapse of Ostry Tolbachik volcano. Lengthy rift zones extending NE and SSW of the volcano have erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows during the Holocene, with activity during the past two thousand years being confined to the narrow axial zone of the rifts. The 1975-76 eruption originating from the SSW-flank fissure system and the summit was the largest historical basaltic eruption in Kamchatka.

RUSSIA - Gorely volcano

February 24th, 2012

There was not seismic data from February 05 till present by technical reasons. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed all week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on February 19-21 at satellite images. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on February 11-14; clouds obscured the volcano on the other days of week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on February 11 at satellite images. Seismic activity of the volcano remains some heightened on February 02-04; there was not seismic data from February 05 by technical reasons. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed all week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on February 04-05 and 07 at satellite images. According to visual data, a strong and moderate y 28 and 31, and February 01-02; clouds obscured the volcano in the other days of week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on January 28 and 31, and February 02 at satellite images. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on January 23 at satellite images.A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on January 17 at satellite images.Seismic activity of the volcano remains some heightened. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on January 06-11. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on January 06-08 at satellite images. Seismic activity of the volcano was increasing on January 02-03: about 20-30 seismic events were registered into the volcanic edifice. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed all week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on December 30 and January 01-02 at satellite images. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on December 22-23 and 29. A big thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on December 29. According to visual data, a strong and moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on December 17-21. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on December 20.A thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on December 02 and 07. According to visual data, a moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on November 27-28 and 30; the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on November 24 and 27-28. According to visual data, a moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on November 20 and 23-24; the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on November 24. According to visual data, a moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on November 13-14; the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on November 13. According to visual data, a moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on November 06-07; the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on November 05. According to visual data, a moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed from October 29 till November 01; the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on October 31 and November 01-02. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on October 21-25. According to visual data, the volcano was quiet or obscured by clouds all week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on October 15 and 18. Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on October 07-09; clouds obscured the volcano on the other days of week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on October 11-12. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was noted at satellite images on October 05. Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observing on September 22-23 and 26-27, clouds obscured the volcano on the other days.Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observing on September 20-22, clouds obscured the volcano on the other daysModerate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observing on September 10-14, clouds obscured the volcano on the other days. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on September 04-05.Moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and a volcanic tremor was registering at the volcano all week. Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observing all week. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on August 26 and 29. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on August 19 and 22-23. According to visual data previous week, the Lake continues to exist into the active crater of volcano. Red heat of rocks is observing into the fumarole vent. Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observing on August 13 and 16-17. According to visual data on August 06-09, the Lake continues to exist into the active crater of volcano. Blocks of ice on Lake surface were melting. Red heat of rocks is observing into the fumarole vent. Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observing all week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on August 04.Moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and weak volcanic tremor was registering at the volcano all week. According to visual data, a moderate fumarole activity was observing on July 24-27, the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on July 22 and 24-25. According to visual data, a moderate fumarole activity was observing on July 20, the volcano was obscured by clouds on the other days of week. A thermal anomaly was registering over the volcano on July 14. Weak volcanic tremor was registering at the volcano all week from 7th to 14th of July. According to visual data by volcanologists on July 07-08, a red incandescence continues to observing into the new fumarole on the bottom of Active crater. The volcano was quiet or obscured by clouds this week.. According to satellite data, a weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was registered on June 28. Clouds obscured the volcano during other days. According to satellite data, a weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was registered on June 17. Clouds obscured the volcano during other days. According to visual data, a red incandesce was observing into the new fumarole vent into the Active crater on June 11-12. The lake into Active crater was absence. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was registering on June 12-13. Clouds obscured the volcano on the other days.Moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and weak volcanic tremor was registered at the volcano all week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was registering on June 03-04. Gas-steam plume extended about 15 km to the north from the volcano. Clouds obscured the volcano on the other days. An amplitude of volcanic tremor slightly increased on May 18. According to visual data, the volcano was quiet or obscured by clouds this week. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was registering on May 14. Seismic and thermal activity of the volcano remains high. This ongoing unrest may eventually lead to an explosive eruption. Aerosol plumes from the volcano could affect low-flying aircraft. Moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and weak volcanic tremor was registered at the volcano all week. According to visual and satellite data, the volcano was quiet or obscured by clouds this week. Moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and weak volcanic tremor was registered at the volcano all week from 29th of April to 5th of May. According to satellite data on May 05, a weak thermal anomaly was registered over the volcano and gas-steam plume extended about 9 mi (15 km) to the west from the volcano.As of the 28th of April, KVERT reported that moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and weak volcanic tremor was registered at the volcano all week. According to visual data, a moderate gas-steam activity was observed on April 24. The lake into the active crater of the volcano disappeared. According to satellite data, a weak thermal anomaly was registered over the volcano on April 22-24 and 27.Moderate seismic activity of the volcano continues and weak volcanic tremor was registered at the volcano all week. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly was registered over the volcano on April 15. Clouds obscured the volcano during other days. Moderate gas-steam activity of the volcano was observed on April 10. Clouds obscured the volcano during other days. Gorely volcano, one of the most active in southern Kamchatka, consists of five small overlapping stratovolcanoes constructed along a WNW-ESE line within a large 9 x 13.5 km caldera. The caldera formed about 38,000-40,000 years ago accompanied by the eruption of about 100 cu km of tephra. The massive Gorely complex contains 11 summit and 30 flank craters, some of which contain acid or freshwater crater lakes; three major rift zones cut the complex. Another Holocene stratovolcano (peak 1082) is located on the SW flank of Gorely. Activity during the Holocene was characterized by frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions along with a half dozen episodes of major lava extrusion. Early Holocene explosive activity, along with lava flows filled in much of the caldera. Quiescent periods became longer between 6000 and 2000 years ago, after which the activity was mainly explosive. About 600-650 years ago intermittent strong explosions and lava flow effusion accompanied frequent mild eruptions. Historical eruptions have consisted of vulcanian and phreatic explosions of moderate volume.(GVN) - Gorely webcam

RUSSIA - Kizimen volcano

May 18th, 2013

KVERT reported that during 10-16 May moderate seismic activity continued at Kizimen. Video and satellite data showed that lava continued to extrude from the summit, producing incandescence, strong gas-and-steam activity, and hot avalanches on the W and E flanks. A thermal anomaly was detected daily in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that during 3-10 May moderate seismic activity continued at Kizimen. Video and satellite data showed that lava continued to extrude from the summit, producing incandescence, strong gas-and-steam activity, and hot avalanches on the W and E flanks. A thermal anomaly was detected daily in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that during 26 April-3 May l moderate seismic activity continued at Kizimen. Video and satellite data showed that lava continued to extrude from the summit, producing incandescence, strong gas-and-steam activity, and hot avalanches on the W and E flanks. A thermal anomaly was detected daily in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.KVERT reported that during 19-26 April moderate seismic activity continued at Kizimen. Video and satellite data showed that lava continued to extrude from the summit, producing incandescence, strong gas-and-steam activity, and hot avalanches on the W and E flanks. Cloud-free satellite images detected a thermal anomaly over the volcano. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that during 12-19 April moderate seismic activity continued at Kizimen. Video and satellite data showed that lava continued to extrude from the summit, producing incandescence, strong gas-and-steam activity, and hot avalanches on the W and E flanks. Satellite images detected a daily thermal anomaly over the volcano. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. KVERT reported that during 5-12 April moderate seismic activity continued at Kizimen. Video and satellite data showed that lava continued to extrude from the summit, producing incandescence, strong gas-and-steam activity, and hot avalanches on the W and E flanks. Satellite images detected a daily thermal anomaly over the volcano. The Aviation Color Code remained at orange. The 2376-m-high Kizimen was formed during four eruptive cycles beginning about 12,000 years ago and lasting 2000-3500 years. The largest eruptions took place about 10,000 and 8300-8400 years ago, and three periods of long-term lava dome growth have occurred. The latest eruptive cycle began about 3000 years ago with a large explosion and was followed by lava dome growth lasting intermittently about 1000 years. An explosive eruption about 1100 years ago produced a lateral blast and created a 1.0 x 0.7 km wide crater breached to the NE, inside which a small lava dome (the fourth at Kizimen) has grown. A single explosive eruption, during 1927-28, has been recorded in historical time. GVN/GVP.

RUSSIA - Grozny group - Kurile islands

April 5th, 2013

SVERT reported that on 3 April at 0755 ash from Grozny Group fell in Kurilsk (23 km N) and Kitovy, producing deposits 2-3 mm thick. Cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano. The next day satellite images showed an ash plume that rose 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow. Based on analysis of satellite images, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 30 March a possible eruption from Grozny Group may have produced a plume that rose 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. A later VAAC notice stated that ash had dissipated. The Grozny volcano group in central Iturup Island contains the complex volcanoes of Ivan Grozny and Tebenkov. The former has a 3-3.5 km diameter caldera that is open to the south, where the large, 1158-m-high andesitic Grozny extrusion dome (also known as Etorofu-Yake-yama) was emplaced. Several other lava domes of Holocene age were constructed to the NE; extrusion of these domes has constricted a former lake in the northern side of the caldera to an extremely sinuous shoreline. The forested andesitic Tebenkov volcano, also known as Odamoi-san, lies immediately to the NE of the Grozny dome complex. The large Machekh crater, which displays strong fumarolic activity, lies immediately south of Tebenkov. Historical eruptions, the first of which took place in 1968, have been restricted to Ivan Grozny. (GVN/GVP)

RUSSIA - Alaid volcano- Kurile islands

January 9th, 2013

According to KVERT, observers on both Paramushir (SE) and Shumshu islands reported weak gas-and-steam plumes containing small amounts of ash from Alaid during 5, 11, 16-17, 23, and 27-28 October 2012. Photos taken on 27 October showed ash deposits on the cone and a small cinder cone growing in the crater. The cone was again covered by ash on 8 November. Seismicity increased on 16 November and remained elevated until 6 December, when it decreased until 10 December. Technical problems prevented seismic recordings after that. Satellite imagery showed a weak thermal anomaly on the volcano until 12 December. On 8 January 2013 the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green. According to KVERT, observers on Paramushir Island (SE) reported weak gas-and-steam activity from Alaid during 11 and 16-17 October. A thermal anomaly on the volcano was detected in satellite imagery during 12 and 14-17 October. Cloud cover prevented observations during 19-22 October. Observers on Shumshu Island (50 km E) reported that an ash plume rose 700 m above the crater on 23 October and a thermal anomaly was detected in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow. According to KVERT, observers on Paramushir Island reported that on 5 October a large gas-and-steam plume from Alaid rose 200 m above the crater. A thermal anomaly on the volcano was detected in satellite imagery for 7.5 hours the next day. The increased activity prompted KVERT to raise the Aviation Color Code to Yellow on 7 October. Satellite imagery detected a thermal anomaly on 15 October. The highest and northernmost volcano of the Kurile Islands, 2,339-m-high Alaid is a symmetrical stratovolcano when viewed from the N, but has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater that is breached widely to the S. Alaid is the northernmost of a chain of volcanoes constructed W of the main Kuril archipelago and rises 3,000 m from the floor of the Sea of Okhotsk. Numerous pyroclastic cones dot the lower flanks of Alaid, particularly on the NW and SE sides, including an offshore cone formed during the 1933-34 eruption. Strong explosive eruptions have occurred from the summit crater beginning in the 18th century. Reports of eruptions in 1770, 1789, 1821, 1829, 1843, 1848, and 1858 were considered incorrect by Gorshkov (1970). Explosive eruptions in 1790 and 1981 were among the largest in the Kurile Islands (gvn/gvp) article about Kurils Islands

RUSSIA - Chirpoi volcano (Kurile islands)

April 30th, 2013

SVERT reported that a weak thermal anomaly over Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, was detected in satellite images on 24 and 26 April. SVERT reported that a weak thermal anomaly over Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, was detected in satellite images during 12-13 April; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 8-15 April . SVERT reported that a weak thermal anomaly over Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, was detected in satellite images on 6 April; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 1-8 April. SVERT reported that a weak thermal anomaly over Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, was detected in satellite images on 14 March; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 11-18 March. SVERT reported that steam-and-gas emissions from Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, were detected in satellite images on 5 March; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 4-11 March. SVERT reported that weak steam-and-gas emissions from Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, were observed on 25 February, and 1 and 3 March. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite images on 28 February and 3 March. Cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 25 February-4 March. The Aviation Color Code was Yellow. SVERT reported that a thermal anomaly and weak steam-and-gas emissions from Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, were detected in satellite images during 19 and 22-23 February; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 18-25 February. The Aviation Color Code was Yellow. SVERT reported that a thermal anomaly and weak steam-and-gas emissions from Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, were detected in satellite images during 14-15 February; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 11-18 February. The Aviation Color Code was Yellow. SVERT reported that a thermal anomaly and steam-and-gas emissions from Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, were detected in satellite images on 7 and 10 February; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 4-11 February. SVERT reported that steam-and-gas emissions from Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, were detected in satellite images on 1 February; cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano on other days during 28 January-4 February. Chirpoi, a small island lying between the larger islands of Simushir and Urup, contains a half dozen volcanic edifices constructed within an 8-9 km wide, partially submerged caldera. The southern rim of the caldera is exposed on nearby Brat Chirpoev Island. Two volcanoes on Chirpoi Island have been historically active. The symmetrical Cherny volcano, which forms the 691 m high point of the island, erupted twice during the 18th and 19th centuries. The youngest volcano, Snow, originated between 1770 and 1810. It is composed almost entirely of lava flows, many of which have reached the sea on the southern coast. No historical eruptions are known from 742-m-high Brat Chirpoev, but its youthful morphology suggests recent strombolian activity. (GVN/GVP)

***************************************************************************************************************************

NEW ZEALAND - Tongariro volcano

March 30th, 2013

On 25 March GeoNet reported that Tongariro remained quiet with no eruptive activity being detected since the explosion on 21 November 2012. Steam-and-gas plumes rose from the Te Maari Craters. The Aviation Colour
Code was lowered to Green (second lowest on a 4 four-color scale) and the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5).On 14 February GeoNet reported that sSteam-and-gas plumes rose from the Te Maari Craters, and were unusually strong during the recent weeks possibly due to weather conditions. The Aviation Colour Code remained at Yellow (second lowest on a 4 four-color scale) and the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5). Previously - A small eruption at Tongariro's Te Maari Craters occurred at 1325 on 21 November, without precursory events, prompting GeoNet to raise the Volcanic Alert Level to 2 and the Aviation Colour Code to Red. A report at 1730 noted that the eruption appeared to be over; the Aviation Colour Code was lowered to Orange. The eruption occurred in the same area as the previous eruption on 6 August and lasted less than five minutes, although local seismic activity lasted about 15 minutes. GNS staff and hikers saw the eruption. An ash plume rose 3-4 km above the Upper Te Maari crater and produced ashfall across part of State Highway 46 and NE towards Turangi (21 km NE). Two small pyroclastic density currents were produced at the base of the column, to the W and N of the crater, and traveled a limited distance of a few hundred meters downslope. Later that afternoon gas-and-steam plumes drifted SE. On 22 November a sulfur gas odor was reported in Manawatu (S) and Hawke's Bay (115 km ESE), downwind of Tongariro. A substantial amount of gas was emitted during 22-23 November. The Aviation Colour Code was lowered to Yellow on 23 November due to the absence of emitted ash. On 26 November GeoNet noted that no further volcanic activity had occurred since the eruption, gas flux had decreased, and seismic activity remained low. On 5 November, GeoNet reported that several teams of scientists had been visiting Tongariro's Te Mari Craters to service portable seismometers (complementing four permanent installations), sample gas vents, and collect samples of ejecta. The report noted that not many earthquakes had been recorded recently, and that the hottest gas vent was 235 degrees Celsius while the others ranged from 95-104 degrees. On 30 October the sulfur dioxide flux was 154 tonnes per day and the carbon dioxide flux was 477 tonnes per day. The volcano continued to actively degas. The Aviation Colour Code remained at Yellow and the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (signs of volcano unrest). On 12 October, the GeoNet Data Centre reported that Tongariro had been degassing after the 6 August eruption from the Te Mari Craters. Gas plumes drifted downwind and were detected a hundred kilometers or more away. During the previous two weeks an odor was noticed in Manawatu (112 km S) and Hawke's Bay (120 km ESE). The GeoNet Data Centre reported that researchers visited Tongariro's Upper Te Mari Craters on 30 September to sample several of the fumaroles, conduct a carbon dioxide soil gas survey, collect ejecta from the 6-7 August eruption, and photograph the area. They found that the average carbon dioxide soil gas flux was lower than the 27 July measurements; 24 sites had increased fluxes while 20 had decreased. The estimated soil gas emission has decreased from about 5.8 to 2.5 tonnes per day based on these measurements. As of the 17th of August, GEONET reported that Ten days has elapsed since the eruption of Tongariro on the evening of August 6. Although very minor amounts of ash were emitted in the first few days after the eruption, there has been no significant activity since August 6. Seismic activity which had been above normal for some of the period preceding the eruption returned to normal low levels after the eruption. Volcanic gas flux measurements after the eruption were high, but poor weather has prevented any recent measurements. Minor eruptive activity, which is required for Volcanic Alert Level 2, is no longer occurring and the Volcanic Alert Level is consequently reduced from 2 to 1. The New Zealand Volcanic Alert Level system is based on the current level of activity at a volcano. It does not include any forecast of possible activity in the future. Level 1 at Tongariro indicates “Departure from typical background surface activity. Signs of volcano unrest”. As of the 14th of August, Geonet reported that seismic activity at Tongariro remained low overnight. Poor weather has prevented any views of Tongariro since Saturday, but volcanic activity is thought to also have been low. The weather today is likely to prevent any fieldwork at Tongariro. Once the weather improves additional gas sampling flights and surface gas sampling will be attempted. Data will also be collected from portable seismographs on Tongariro. Seismic activity at Tongariro has remained low since the August 6 eruption. No ground deformation originating in the Tongariro area has been observed. Recent poor weather has prevented visual observations. Scientists have considered three eruption scenarios deemed possible over the next seven days and have evaluated these based on monitoring data, historic activity at Tongariro, and experience of New Zealand and overseas eruptions. Over the next seven days the scenario considered most likely is that there will be no further eruptions. The next most likely scenario is that any eruptions will be of similar size to the eruption on August 6. The scenario considered least likely is that larger eruptions will occur. This assessment is valid for only the next seven days and a change in monitoring parameters may change the assessment. On Sunday heavy rain remobilised some ash erupted on August 6 and a minor lahar crossed State Highway 46 at the northern foot of Tongariro. No further reports of lahar flows have been received since Sunday 12th of August. As of the 11th of August, Geonet reported that currently the activity of the volcano is quiet, and there are no signs of an imminent eruption. Scientists would likely expect to see an increase in unrest indicators prior to eruptions larger than the explosion on 6th August. Overnight the activity from Tongariro Volcano remained weak. Regional earthquakes have been recorded by GeoNet seismometers around the mountain but seismicity in the local Tongariro area has remained low. The Te Mari vents are not visible at this time from the north due to low cloud, but the view from the Ngauruhoe webcam does not show any significant plume. As of the 9th of August, Geonet reported that seismic activity overnight was low with only a few small volcanic earthquakes recorded. Ashfall collected on Tuesday from various locations around the volcano have been analysed for fluorine content by Massey University. These results show that moderate levels of fluorine are present, but due to the restricted distribution of the ash, this currently poses no current human-health or agricultural threat beyond the immediate vicinity of the volcano. Enquiries about the fluorine analyses can be answered by Professor Shane Cronin of Volcanic Risk Solutions or Professor Mike Hedley of the Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre. Initial microscopic analysis of the ash also shows that there is very little or no new magma in the ejecta. This suggests that the eruption was predominantly steam driven, but the involvement of magma in the future cannot be ruled out. The weather around the volcano has cleared this morning and a team from GNS Science and Massey University are currently making observations of the active vents and new deposits from the helicopter. We also hope to measure gas output from the volcano using an airborne platform and by road, weather permitting. As of the 7th of August Geonet reported that a short lived phreatic eruption occurred at the Te Mari craters area on Mount Tongariro at approximately 11:50 pm last night (Monday, August 6). Activity at the present time (today in the morning) consists of steam clouds and some small earthquakes. Eruptive activity is low level but could recommence at any time. Observations of Mount Tongariro this morning by GNS Science are that eruption activity has subsided. White steam clouds were observed at the historically active Te Mari craters area but poor weather conditions at the time obscured a direct view of the active vent(s). There have been no lahars or pyroclastic flows or lava flows. Our analysis of seismic data is that there was an explosive eruption lasting only a minute or two, followed by a series of discrete small earthquakes over the next few tens of minutes. No volcanic tremor occurred in the days preceding the eruption, nor has any occurred since then. It is too early to predict the next series of events, but we expect heightened activity may continue for several weeks. There are likely to be specific signals of future magma movement beneath the volcano and we continue to monitor the situation through the GeoNet volcano-seismic network of instruments. As with any volcano, an eruption could occur at Tongariro at any time with little or no warning and there is an elevated level of risk, particularly on the northern slopes and valleys of the mountain. Ash samples collected near Lake Rotoaira last night will be tested and analysis of seismic data continues. GNS Science volcanologists are continuing to monitor the eruption and are working with Massey and Canterbury universities collect samples for analysis, as conditions permit. Further information will be released as soon as it is available. On 31 July GeoNet reported that seismicity at Tongariro had declined the previous week but increased again during 28-29 July, and as of 31 July, between 3 and 10 events were being recorded daily. The earthquakes were clustered in a zone between Tongariro and the E side of Lake Rotoaira, at 2-7 km depth. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Colour Code remained at Yellow (on a four-color scale). As part of our routine monitoring, we have recorded a sequence of volcanic earthquakes at Mount Tongariro since July 13, peaking in activity on July 20, with only one event today. The earthquakes cluster in a zone between Emerald Lake and the Te Mari craters at 2-7km depth. Some members of the public have also reported gas smells. Provisional analysis of the gas samples collected at the weekend indicates the presence of volcanic gas. Our historic sampling has shown there is a mix of volcanic and hydrothermal gases and fluids at Tongariro. However the sampling on Saturday has shown a marked increase in the volcanic gas component. These results are showing the volcanic unrest indicated by the seismic data is confirmed by the gas data. There are working to complete the analysis of the gases and water samples and planning further visits later in the week when the weather improves. GNS Science volcanologists are monitoring the unrest and further information will be released as necessary. Volcano alert leval remains at level 1. Mount Tongariro is a volcanic complex that lies to the north of Ngauruhoe. It consists of numerous craters and vents. Te Mari craters lie about two kilometres east of Ketetahi hot springs on the north side of Mt Tongariro. The Te Mari craters are the last craters to be active on Tongariro. Ash eruptions have been recorded from Tongariro from 1855 to 1897, as well as unconfirmed activity in 1926-27. (IGNS)

NEW ZEALAND - White island volcano

May 2nd, 2013

On 29 April GeoNet Data Centre reported that activity at White Island remained at a persistently low level, characterized by tremor and degassing. No mud or ash eruptions had been observed since early April. A
volcanologist visited the island the previous week and observed that increased rainfall had caused the two lakes to merge together into one larger lake. The temperature of the lake was 62 degrees Celsius and the
lava-dome temperature was 200 degrees. The lower level of activity prompted GeoNet to reduce the Aviation Colour Code to Green (indicating no active eruption). The Volcano Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5). On 26 March GeoNet Data Centre reported that a pattern of repeating minor activity at White Island had become established over the last month. Periods of passive steaming and degassing were accompanied by very low levels of volcanic tremor. This activity alternated with minor mud-and-steam explosions from the active crater when there was strong volcanic tremor. Sulfur dioxide gas measurements on 20 March were at
similar levels to the past month, although carbon dioxide levels were higher. The Aviation Colour Code remained at Yellow and the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5). On 4 March GeoNet Data Centre reported that during the previous week a small ash cone surrounded by a small moat of water had been built in the crater that formerly contained the hot lake. Ash emissions had ceased, therefore the Aviation Colour Code was lowered to Yellow and the Volcanic Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 0-5). Seismic tremor levels were low, possibly because of the lack of water involvement in the current activity. Scientists aboard an overflight flight on 26 February measured around 600 tonnes per day of sulfur dioxide, and 1,950 tonnes per day of carbon dioxide, similar to other measurements made since the start of 2013. As of the 25th of February, Geonet reported that volcanic unrest continues; Volcanic Alert remains at Level 2, Aviation Colour Code remains Orange. Over the weekend the style of activity at White Island changed: the active vent began producing ash. The island was visited today and the ash emission has ceased, being replaced by steam and gas explosions from the active vent. The level of volcanic tremor has increased, associated with the reappearance of fluids in the vent area On 11 February GeoNet Data Centre reported that analysis of recent changes and measurements from White Island indicated that activity was lower than the previous week; therefore, the Aviation Colour Code was lowered to Yellow and the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5). The report also stated that early during the previous week the level of volcanic tremor recorded at White Island dropped to less than half that of the week before. At the same time small explosive eruptions in the active crater, which had been occurring for about three weeks, became less intense. On 7 February sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide gas measurements were similar to measurements from January: sulfur dioxide flux was 560 tonnes/day and carbon dioxide flux was 1,800 tonnes/day. A volcanologist that visited the lake area on 8 February noted that water had again filled the lake and small geysering was the only activity that he observed. The lake water was hot, about 80 degrees Celsius. On 30 January GeoNet Data Centre reported that White Island's "hot lake" had dried up and a small tuff cone was forming on the former floor of the lake. The active vent continued to eject bursts of mud, rock, steam, and gas 50-100 m high. This activity along with the seismic activity was intermittent. Gas measurements taken during an overflight showed that the levels of volcanic gases emitted from the volcano were slightly higher than the levels measured the previous week: carbon dioxide gas flux increased from 1,800 to 2,000 tons/day, sulfur dioxide flux increased from 366 to 600 tons/day, and hydrogen sulfide flux was 19 tons/day (previously 15 tons/day). During 30-31 January seismicity changed to continuous tremor and remained at a high level. The Aviation Colour Code remained at Orange (second highest on a four-color scale) and the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5).On 29 January continuous tremor that had been recorded during the past few weeks changed to intermittent tremor, which remained strong. The crater lake was drying out and frequent bursts of mud, steam, and gas were still vigorous; mud and rock were ejected tens of meters out of the lake area. Steam-and-gas plumes that rose from the crater were visible from the Bay of Plenty coastline. GNS Science's past monitoring of the island showed that weak ash eruptions had often followed drying out of the same type of mud-filled lake. On 25 January scientists conducted an overflight to measure gas emissions and found that the levels were similar to those measured on 19 December 2012. The scientists observed vigorous mud geysering in the crater lake. Seismicity remained above background levels. On 22 January GeoNet Data Centre reported that unrest at White Island continued. The uninhabited 2 x 2.4 km White Island, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is the emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The 321-m-high island consists of two overlapping stratovolcanoes; the summit crater appears to be breached to the SE because the shoreline corresponds to the level of several notches in the SE crater wall. Throughout the short historical period beginning in 1826 the volcano has had long periods of continuous hydrothermal activity and steam release, punctuated by small-to-medium eruptions. Its activity also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The most recent eruptive episode, which began on 7 March 2000, included the largest eruption at White Island in the past 20 years on 27 July. Live cam link - other webcam

NEW ZEALAND - Havre seamount - Kermadec islands

October 2nd, 2012

The GeoNet Data Centre reported that on 1 October a pilot observed floating pumice in the Kermadec Islands NE of New Zealand. The area of pumice started about 300 km W of Raoul Island and extended in a NE direction for about 600 km. The report speculated that the pumice was from the 18-19 July eruption of Havre Seamount and noted that there was no evidence that the volcano had erupted again. previously, as of the 9th of August. local news reported that a large pumice raft was spotted North of the New Zealand coast. This pumice raft is probably the product of a submarine volcanic eruption from one of the multiple of seamounts that are part of Kermadec arc north of New Zealand. Exactly which volcano is the source of the pumice is unclear yet - First, it was suggested that Monowai was the source, but that seems to be in some question based on the location of the 26,000 km2 pumice raft. According to Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) in a media release on 11 August, the Laboratoire de Géophysique (Papeete, Tahiti) described the source of a pumice raft in the Kermadec Islands. They noted that a short seismic swarm with hydro-acoustic and seismic phases was recorded by the Polynesian Network during 17-18 July. More than 157 events were detected, at magnitudes between 3 and 4.8. The large pumice raft was first observed on 19 July, W and S of Raoul Island, then reported for several more days. Analysis of satellite imagery indicated that the source of the pumice raft was at 30.95 S and 179.13 W, 72 km SW of Curtis Island. A scientist aboard the HMNZS Canterbury described the pumice raft as 0.6 m thick, 1 km wide, and extended to the right and left as far as the eye could see. According to a news article, a pilot of an Air Force Orion aircraft reported on 9 August that the raft was 463 km by 55 km, or covering an area of approximately 25,000 square kilometers. Scientists analyzing satellite imagery and sea floor bathymetry suggested that the eruption originated from the Havre Seamount. The earliest evidence of the eruption was detected in thermal imagery at 2250 on 18 July.

NEW ZEALAND - Ruapehu volcano

March 13th, 2013

On 12 March, GeoNet reported that the Volcanic Alert Level for Ruapehu remained at 1 (signs of volcano unrest) and the Aviation Colour Code was lowered to Green based on the analysis of monitoring data and the lack of recent seismic activity. On 5 March, GeoNet reported that monitoring of the Ruapehu Crater Lake showed that temperatures at depth remained above background levels but had started a declining trend. Gas data from January and February showed emission rates of 15-25 tonnes per day of sulfur dioxide and around 650 tonnes per day carbon dioxide; these are within the usual range of emissions measured at Ruapehu. Seismicity remained low, characterized by weak volcanic tremor and some shallow earthquakes. Areas of discoloration in the lake, sometimes observed during the previous few weeks, are relatively common and thought to reflect internal lake convection processes. Scientists speculated that there was a partial blockage between the deep and shallow systems causing the lake temperature to remain steady; the relatively low temperature of Crater Lake, 22-25°C since March 2012, is one of the longest periods of low lake temperatures recorded. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (signs of volcano unrest) and the Aviation Colour Code remained at Yellow. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a complex stratovolcano constructed during at least 4 cone-building episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The 110 cu km dominantly andesitic volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and is surrounded by another 100 cu km ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit on the NW flank. A series of subplinian eruptions took place at Ruapehu between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but pyroclastic flows have been infrequent at Ruapehu. A single historically active vent, Crater Lake, is located in the broad summit region, but at least five other vents on the summit and flank have been active during the Holocene. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have occurred in historical time from the Crater Lake vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the crater lake may have formed as early as 3000 years ago. Lahars produced by phreatic eruptions from the summit crater lake are a hazard to a ski area on the upper flanks and to lower river valleys. Ruapehu Live cam

*********************************************************************************************************

PAPUA - NEW GUINEA - Manam volcano

May 18th, 2013

RVO reported that during 29 April-16 May activity at Manam was low, characterized by white, and sometimes blue, vapor plumes rising from Southern Crater. White vapor plumes also rose from Main Crater. Seismicity
fluctuated but remained high until 1 May; seismicity then declined to a low on 4 May where it stayed for the rest of the period. RVO reminded people to stay away from the four main radial valleys, and especially the SE and SW ones where most products from the activity at Southern Crater were channeled. RVO reported that on 23 April dense white vapor plumes occasionally rose from Manam's Southern Crater. During 25-28 April ash clouds rose from the new sub-terminal vent E of Southern Crater inside southeast valley. The ash clouds rose 600 m and drifted NW. Loud booming noises were heard each day; however, between 0700 and 1900 on 27 April the noises became frequent, louder, and explosive in nature, and were heard at Bogia, 25-30 km SSW of Manam on the N coast of the mainland. Strong explosions vibrated structures on the island. RVO reported that a high level of activity at Manam continued on 15 April. Ash plumes rose 500 m above the crater. A loud explosion was heard at 0804. At about 1950 dense ash plumes rose 2 km and drifted SW. At night loud jet-like noises were reported by residents in Bogia, 25-30 km SSW of Manam on the N coast of the mainland. Bright red glow was visible within the dense mixture of ash plumes and atmospheric clouds. Lava was observed flowing from a new vent on the headwall of SW valley during a brief clear period from 1800 to 1850. Ash and scoria fell in most villages between Dugulava on the SW side of the island and Kuluguma on the NW side. Similar activity continued during the first half of 16 April and then changed to gentle light gray ash emissions until 20 April. On 23 April dense white vapor plumes occasionally rose from the crater. RVO reported that during 1-14 April Strombolian activity was observed from Manam Southern Crater. During 1-7 April ash plumes rose above the crater. Island residents reported incandescent tepha ejections from the crater at night, and roaring and rumbling noises. Activity increased on 8 April. Strombolian activity was sustained for extended periods during 9-11 and 13-14 April. Loud roaring and rumbling noises were reported by residents in Bogia, 25-30 km SSW of Manam on the N coast of the mainland. A few loud banging noises on 13 April rattled bush-material houses at Dugulava village on the SW side of the island. Most fragments from the Strombolian eruptions, including a small volume of lava, were channeled into SW valley. Ash plumes rose as high as 600 m above the summit crater and drifted NW. White vapor plumes rose from Main Crater during the reporting period. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, pilot observations, and wind data analyses, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 March an ash plume from Manam rose to altitudes of 6.1-7.6 km (20,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 110-150 km ESE. RVO reported that on 1 March Manam's Main and Southern Craters emitted small amounts of diffuse white vapor. The craters were either partially or totally obscured by meteorological cloud cover. On 4 and 7 March intermittent gray ash plumes rose 300 m, above the cloud cover.Based on observations of satellite imagery and wind data analyses, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Manam was observed on 12 February at an altitude of 10.1 km (33,000 ft) a.s.l. On 16 February an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 35 km NW. Based on observations of satellite imagery and wind data analyses, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Manam rose to an altitude of 10.1 km (33,000 ft) a.s.l. on 12 February and drifted 55 km SW. Based on observations of satellite imagery and wind data analyses, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Manam rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 28 January and drifted 22 km E. The next day an ash plume drifted 93 km NE, and then later another ash plume drifted 55 km NE at an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. RVO reported that dark gray ash plumes were occasionally emitted from Manam's Southern Crater during 8-12 January. At about 1000 on 12 January a sub-Plinian eruption generated ash plumes that rose 1.4-1.5 km above the crater; activity peaked between 1200 and 1300. The ash plumes drifted SW, S, and SE, producing ashfall on the island in areas downwind and light ashfall in Bogia (23 km SSW). Rumbling was heard in areas on the S and SW parts of the island, and a few loud booming noises were heard in Bogia. Activity decreased after 1600 and ash plumes only rose 500 m above the crater. At night ejected incandescent material was observed. Ejected material and ashfall was deposited in the SE and SW valleys. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical 1807-m-high basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These "avalanche valleys," regularly spaced 90 degrees apart, channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most historical eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE avalanche valley. Frequent historical eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded at Manam since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. (GVN/GVP)

PAPUA - NEW GUINEA - Karkar volcano

February 28th, 2013

Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 26 February an ash plume from Karkar rose to an altitude of 8.5 km (28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km N and 130 km E. Karkar volcano is a 19 x 25 km wide, forest-covered island that is truncated by two nested summit calderas. The 5.5-km-wide outer caldera was formed during one or more eruptions, the last of which occurred 9000 years ago. The eccentric 3.2-km-wide inner caldera was formed sometime between 1500 and 800 years ago. Parasitic cones are present on the northern and southern flanks of basaltic-to-andesitic Karkar volcano; a linear array of small cones extends from the northern rim of the outer caldera nearly to the coast. Most historical eruptions, which date back to 1643, have originated from Bagiai cone, a pyroclastic cone constructed within the steep-walled, 300-m-deep inner caldera. The floor of the caldera is covered by young, mostly unvegetated andesitic lava flows. (GVN/GVP)

PAPUA-NEW GUINEA - Rabaul volcano

May 18th, 2013

RVO reported that during 29 April-16 May white vapor plumes sometimes containing fine ash rose at most 200 m from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone and drifted NW. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind including Rabaul town (3-5 km NW). Roaring and rumbling noises also continued. Seismicity was low. RVO reported that during 24-28 April white vapor plumes sometimes containing ash rose at most 200 m from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone and drifted SE. Roaring and rumbling noises also continued but the intensity
was low RVO reported that during 15-23 April white vapor plumes containing some ash rose at most 100 m from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone and drifted SE. Roaring and rumbling noises were less intense than during previous weeks. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted more than 35 km E. Satellite images later that day showed that the plume had dispersed. RVO reported that roaring and rumbling noises from Rabaul were heard during 1-14 April, especially at night. White vapor plumes with ash rose at most 100 m above the main crater and drifted NW, causing ashfall in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW).RVO reported that ash emissions increased at Rabaul on 3 March and were mainly brownish. Emissions again increased the next day, occurring almost every minute. Billowing brown ash clouds slowly rose from the crater then quickly dispersed to the SE. The emissions decreased to about every hour on 7 March. Seismicity was very high during 4-6 March and then declined in the evening of 7 March. Three regional earthquakes felt during this period ranged in magnitude from 5.1-5.5, and occurred SSE from Rabaul offshore outside the Wide Bay area at depths ranging between 50 and 60 km. They were felt in Rabaul town with intensities of III-IV. Emissions were absent during 8-11 March. Activity resumed on 12 March at 1108. An explosion ejected tephra and a gray-to-black billowing ash plume rose 300 m and drifted SE. The forcefulness and color lessened over at least the next 40 minutes; ash plumes rose 100 m, but were carried to 1 km with the wind. Seismicity remained low. RVO reported that during 4-5 February pale gray ash plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone. On 5 February the ash plumes slowly rose 2 km a.s.l. and drifted E and ENE. On 6 February only white plumes rose from the crater during most of the day. In the evening a gray billowing ash cloud was followed by a sequence of "gentle puffs" of white to light gray ash emissions at irregular intervals into the night and through the morning of 7 February. Fine ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) in the late evening of 6 February. RVO reported that during 1-3 February Rabaul was mostly quiet, although occasional explosions produced light gray ash plumes that rose as high as 500 m above sea level and drifted E and ESE. At 1151 on 3 February an explosion produced a dense, dark ash plume that slowly rose 2 km above sea level and drifted ENE. Ash was observed falling on South Daughter (Turangunan, ~2 km to the E) and to the N of it. Dark gray ash emissions continued for the next 15-20 minutes. During the afternoon of 3 February through the morning of 4 February light gray ash emissions rose at irregular intervals and drifted E and ESE. White vapor plumes rose from the crater in between the ash emissions.During the morning of 28 January white vapor plumes rose from the crater. At 1003 an explosion produced a dense, billowing, gray ash plume; ash emissions continued from the next hour and then turned to white vapor. Two explosions occurred at 1323 and 1816, generating ash plumes and sub-continuous emissions for one hour and 15-20 minutes, respectively. Plumes again drifted E and ESE. White plumes rose from the crater afterwards through 29 January, but an explosion at 1723 generated a dense, billowing ash plume followed by a short period of sub-continuous emissions. About five explosions occurred between 1947 on 26 January and 0414 on 27 January, producing plumes that drifted ESE. An explosion at 1000 on 27 January produced a dense, billowing, light gray ash plume that rose a few hundred meters above sea level and drifted ESE. Ash emissions continued until 1500, followed by white vapor emissions. Six explosions were detected overnight, possibly generating ash plumes that drifted E and ESE. RVO reported that roaring and rumbling noises from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone began at 2128 on 19 January and lasted for about 15 minutes. Darkness prevented visual observations but the next day ash emissions were evident. On 20 January small discrete explosions generated ash clouds that rose up to 500 m above the crater and drifted E and SE. A few days before the eruption an observer noticed that vegetation on the N flanks of South Daughter (Turangunan, ~2 km to the E) had browned, and on 18 January a climber reported a strong sulfur dioxide odor. A loud explosion at 2325 on 20 January was followed by a few minutes of continuous roaring and rumbling. During 20-22 January light gray ash emissions occurred at irregular intervals; the color of the plumes suggested mostly water vapor with low ash content. Plumes rose 200 m and drifted ESE on 20 January, and SW, S, and SSE on 21 January. Activity increased during 21-22 January with more frequent ash emissions occurring for extended periods. According to a news article, flights to Tokua airport were cancelled on 21 January. Emissions subsided in the afternoon of 22 January but small-to-moderate explosions continued. A large explosion at 2147 ejected incandescent fragments, and produced an ash plume that rose 2 km and drifted SE and ESE. Explosions were heard through the night. Ash plumes that rose from the crater on 23 January drifted SE. RVO reported that during 16-19 November diffuse white plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 300 m above the crater; plume volume increased during times of high humidity. Seismicity continued at very low level. Measurements two weeks prior showed continuing low levels of gas emissions.RVO reported that observations of Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 1-31 May 2012 revealed only some periods of white emissions. Seismic activity was very low; however, several high-frequency volcano-tectonic earthquakes were recorded. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbor. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the E, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay. Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions at Rabaul took place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city. (GVN/GVP)

PAPUA - NEW GUINEA - Bagana volcano (Bougainville island)

May 7th, 2013

Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 5-6 May ash plumes from Bagana rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75-85 km W.Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 10-11 April ash plumes from Bagana rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km SW and W. On 15 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 30 km S and W. The next day ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 65 km SW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 7 April ash plumes from Bagana rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 85 km SW and WSW. On 9 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 75 km SW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 25-26 March ash plumes from Bagana rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-55 km E. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12-14 February ash plumes from Bagana rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-55 km SW and NW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 8-12 February ash plumes from Bagana rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-130 km E and NW. Bagana volcano, occupying a remote portion of central Bougainville Island, is one of Melanesia's youngest and most active volcanoes. Bagana is a massive symmetrical lava cone largely constructed by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The entire lava cone could have been constructed in about 300 years at its present rate of lava production. Eruptive activity at Bagana is characterized by non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains a small lava dome in the summit crater, although explosive activity occasionally producing pyroclastic flows also occurs. Lava flows form dramatic, freshly preserved tongue-shaped lobes up to 50-m-thick with prominent levees that descend the volcano's flanks on all sides. (GVN/GVP

Papua-New Guinea - Ulawun volcano (New britain)

December 18th, 2012

RVO reported that dense gray-brown ash plumes that began rising from Ulawun on 6 November ceased on 11 December. During 12-16 December variable amounts of white vapor plumes rose from the crater.
RVO reported that dense gray-brown ash plumes continued to rise 200 m from Ulawun during 1-7 December. Ashfall was reported on the NW flanks, in Ubili (10 km NW) and Ulamona (10 km NW). A small landslide scar appeared near the N valley flank vent, reportedly caused by movement of a large boulder and loose material, triggered by a M 6.1 earthquake that occurred near Pomio (55 km SSE) on 19 November. The symmetrical basaltic to andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. Ulawun rises above the N coast of New Britain opposite Bamus volcano. The upper 1,000 m of the 2,334-m-high volcano is unvegetated. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side of the volcano, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the S of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater. (GVP/GVN)

************************************************************************************************************************

SANTA CRUZ ISLAND - Tinakula volcano

February 22nd, 2012

According to NASA's Earth Observatory, thermal anomalies from Tinakula were detected in satellite data during 13-14 February and a gas plume with possible ash content rose from the volcano on 14 February.
The small 3.5-km-wide island of Tinakula is the exposed summit of a massive stratovolcano that rises 3-4 km from the sea floor at the NW end of the Santa Cruz islands. Tinakula resembles Stromboli volcano in containing a breached summit crater that extends from the 851-m-high summit to below sea level. Landslides enlarged this scarp in 1965, creating an embayment on the NW coast. The satellitic cone of Mendana is located on the SE side. The dominantly andesitic Tinakula volcano has frequently been observed in eruption since the era of Spanish exploration began in 1595. In about 1840, an explosive eruption apparently produced pyroclastic flows that swept all sides of the island, killing its inhabitants. Frequent historical eruptions have originated from a cone constructed within the large breached crater. These have left the upper flanks of the volcano and the steep apron of lava flows and volcaniclastic debris within the breach unvegetated. (GVN/GVP)
***********************************************************************************************************************

Mariannes islands - Pagan volcano

February 18th , 2013

Satellite imagery showed a plume of gas and water vapor drifting 240 km downwind from Pagan daily during 9-15 February. A USGS team that visited Pagan on 9 February observed a continuous, vigorous plume and noted a sulfur odor downwind of the summit. Previous year news :Satellite imagery showed a plume drifting from Pagan during 1-7 December 2012. On 29 November observers in Saipan reported hazy sky conditions associated with N winds that pushed the gas-and-vapor plume from Pagan S. Since then, no additional reports of haze or vog associated with the Pagan plume were noted. Clear satellite views showed steam-and-gas emissions drifting from Pagan during 17-24 November. According to the Washington VAAC, ash from an unknown volcano was reported by a pilot in the vicinity of Pagan on 25 November. Satellite imagery suggested continuing degassing, but it was possible that ash was present in a 30-km-wide plume that was drifting almost 90 km S. Mostly gas was seen drifting S in an image later that day.Continuous steam-and-gas plumes from Pagan were observed in clear satellite images during 12-19 October. According to NASA's Earth Observatory, a satellite image acquired on 16 October showed a steam-and-gas plume drifting WNW. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory. Pagan is not monitored with ground-based geophysical instrumentation; the only source of information is satellite observations and occasional reports from island visitors.The 570-m-high Mount Pagan at the NE end of the island rises above the flat floor of the northern caldera, which probably formed during the early Holocene. South Pagan is a 548-m-high stratovolcano with an elongated summit containing four distinct craters. Almost all of the historical eruptions of Pagan, which date back to the 17th century, have originated from North Pagan volcano. The largest eruption of Pagan during historical time took place in 1981 and prompted the evacuation of the sparsely populated island. Last know eruption occured in 2006.

***************************************************************************************************************************

INDIAN OCEAN SOUTH - Heard island volcano

April 25th, 2013

According to NASA Earth Observatory (EO) an image acquired on 7 April 2013 from the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA's EO-1 satellite showed that Mawson's Peak crater on Heard Island had filled and a lava flow had traveled down the SW flank. The lava flow was visible in an image acquired on 20 April and had slightly widened just below the summit. Heard Island on the Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean consists primarily of the emergent portion of two volcanic structures. The large glacier-covered composite basaltic-to-trachytic cone of Big Ben comprises most of the island, and the smaller Mt. Dixon volcano lies at the NW tip of the island across a narrow isthmus. Little is known about the structure of Big Ben volcano because of its extensive ice cover. The historically active Mawson Peak forms the island's 2745-m high point and lies within a 5-6 km wide caldera breached to the SW side of Big Ben. Small satellitic scoria cones are mostly located on the northern coast. Several subglacial eruptions have been reported in historical time at this isolated volcano, but observations are infrequent and additional activity may have occurred.(Smithsonian Scientific Event Alert Network Bulletin).

ANTARCTICA - Erebus Volcano

March 1st, 2012

As of the 1st of March 2012, the Mt. Erebus Volcano Observatory (MEVO) reported that Antarctica's Mt. Erebus continues with a molten lava lake and vapour emissions. It may be covered with glaciers, but they do little to cool the volcano's molten core. Previous special news : as of the 1st of August 2007, the Mt. Erebus Volcano Observatory (MEVO) was reported that Mt. Erebus has frequent Strombolian eruptions. Infrequent ash eruptions. Rare lava flows confined to inner crater. Notable features are: Persistent convecting phonolite lava lake. Persistent low-level eruptive activityAccording to the Mt. Erebus activity log, several "small- to medium-sized" eruptions occurred during 12-18 October 2005, with a "very large" eruption occurring on 14 October. The eruption sizes were based on comparisons of seismic data for known Erebus eruptions. Mt. Erebus, the southern most volcano in the world, still continues to be the most active volcano in Antarctica. Mt. Erebus (3794 meters above sea level) is classified as a polygenetic stratovolcano. The composition of the current eruptive activity on Mt. Erebus is anorthoclase-phyric tephriphonolite and phonolite, which constitute the bulk of exposed lava flow on the volcano. The oldest eruptive products from Mt. Erebus consist of relatively undifferentiated and non-viscous basanitic lavas that form the low, broad platform shield of the Erebus edifice. Slightly younger basanites and phonotephrite lavas crop out on Fang Ridge, an eroded remnant of an early Erebus volcano and at other isolated locations on the flanks of the Mt. Erebus edifice. Lava flows of more viscous phonotephrite, tephriphonolite and trachyte are erupted after the basanites. The upper slopes of Mt. Erebus are dominated by steeply dipping (~30°) tephriphonolite lava flows with large scale flow levees. A conspicuous break in slope at approximately 3200 meters is a summit plateau representing a caldera. The summit caldera itself is filled with small volume tephriphonolite and phonolite lava flows. In the center of the of the summit caldera is a small, steep-sided cone composed primarily of decomposed lava bombs and a lag deposit of anorthoclase crystals. It is within this summit cone that the active lava lake continuously degasses and periodically erupts. Mt. Erebus located on Ross Island, Antarctica is the world’s southern-most active volcano. Discovered in 1841 by James Ross, it is one of only a very few volcanoes in the world with a long-lived (decades or more) lava lake. Scientific research, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since began the early 1970’s had included basic study of the petrology and geophysics of the volcano, the eruptive history, activity and degassing behavior of the lava lake, and the overall impact of the volcano on the Antarctica and global environment. Research on Mt. Erebus has been primarily conducted by scientists in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science and the Bureau of Geology and Mineral resources at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Information from : MEVO - Live cam link

************************************************************************************************************

Vanuatu - Aoba volcano (Ambae)

March 8th, 2013

According to observations by the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department, a report from 6 March stated that the minor activity at Aoba that began in December 2012 was likely continuing. Satellite images
acquired on 3 and 26 February detected substantial sulfur dioxide emissions. The Vanuatu Volcano Alert Level (VVAL) remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-4). As of the 7th of February 2013, Geohazards reported that according to reports by the Ambanga villagers to the Observatory, the Lombenben volcano entered a phase of minor activity since December 2012. The site observations made by the Geohazards team from 30th January to 2nd February 2013 confirmed that the activity of Lombenben has changed significantly). The OMI satellite images of January show that the volcano was strongly degassing during the day of 18th and 25th January 2013 and it is still continuing slightly. The analysis of data retrieved from the respective volcano monitoring station confirms that the volcanic activity has not ceased. Aoba, also known as Ambae, is a massive 2500 cu km basaltic shield volcano that is the most voluminous volcano of the New Hebrides archipelago. A pronounced NE-SW-trending rift zone dotted with scoria cones gives the 16 x 38 km island an elongated form. A broad pyroclastic cone containing three crater lakes is located at the summit of the Hawaiian-style shield volcano within the youngest of at least two nested calderas, the largest of which is 6 km in diameter. Post-caldera explosive eruptions formed the summit craters of Lake Voui (also spelled Vui) and Lake Manaro Ngoru about 360 years ago. A tuff cone was constructed within Lake Voui about 60 years later. The latest known flank eruption, about 300 years ago, destroyed the population of the Nduindui area near the western coast.

VANUATU - Gaua - Mt. Garet volcano

October 20th, 2011

Based on a hazards assessment during 17-18 October, the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory reported that Gaua had been emitting ash since September. Ash fell on western parts of the island. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-4).The data collected by the monitoring system of Gaua volcano shows the existence of earthquakes caused by volcanic activity in August 2011. The OMI satellite images clearly shows that Gaua volcano has gone through some degassing in 17, 27, and 28 September 2011. This means that the Gaua volcano activity is ongoing. The local authorities have reported, in October 10th, the ashfall on the north eastern and the western part of Gaua. With this report the Alert Level of Gaua volcano remains at level 1 according to the Vanuatu volcanoes Alert Systems . However this alert Level may change after the Geohazards team risk assessment on this volcano in the coming days. Previous year news : At the current time of December, the Gaua volcano activity is low and has been low since September 2010. Latest observations on Gaua indicates that the vegetations near the volcano vent and the ones exposed to the trade winds on the western side of the island which were burnt by acid rains are now growing again. This means that the Gaua volcano is emitting less gas. This is also proven by the data recorded by the monitoring stations that clearly shows the decreasing number of counts of volcano triggered earthquakes since September 2010 As of the 24th of June, the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory (VGO) reported that based on information from the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory, the Wellington VAAC reported that during the 16th-19th of June ash plumes from Gaua rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. On the 19th of June the plume drifted more than 90 km W. As of the 7th of May, Geohazard reported that field observations of Gaua volcano have shown that there has been moderate activity during the month of April through to the beginning of May. There has been significant emissions of ash and gas over the island of Gaua. This strong gas emission has caused the vegetations around the crater of the volcano to dry up as well as the areas that are exposed to dominant winds, especially from the North western to the South Western coast of the Island. Also during this month of April, mud flows were witnessed by the geo-hazards technical team at Ontar in West Gaua. Volcanic seismic data recorded by the station at Metsalewon in the North East, and the station in the South East both show that tremors have been occurring more frequent with time, since the beginning of the year till the present. As of the 22nd of April, the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory (VGO) reported that the situation at Gaua is worsening. Ash from the current eruption is contaminating water and food supplies on the island. Authorities are planning on evacuating 3,000 people from the island if the eruption that started in 2009 gets worse, but there has already been significant ash fall, mudflows and explosions. As of the 7th of April, the analysis of data collected from the monitoring network of Gaua volcano since October 2009 indicates the existence of volcanic tremor. The OMI satellite images also show the abundance of gases emitted from this volcano daily. Field observations reported by the Geohazards officer in Gaua confirmed significant change of activity with ticker and higher emissions of ash columns. Since last week (end of march/beginning of April 2010) the ash plumes height dwell between 7000 and 10000 feet every day. Field reports also stated that the explosion sounds could be heard from the villages daily. Moreover, starting from the 3rd of April 2010 the volcanic bombes projections from Gaua volcano could be observed from all the coastal villages from the north to the south of the island with reports of the ashfall. As of the 29th of January, Geo-hazards Vanuatu reported that the volcanic activity on Gaua has changed significantly during the month of January. More gas has been emitted since 16 January, followed by multiple explosions with thicker and darker ash plume. This plume of ash and gas was being expelled to about more than 3000 meters high and carried by the wind to surrounding villages in the south and west. Strong strombolian activity was evident on the 24th of January 2010 as villagers were able to observe its projections. These signs indicate that the level of magma is rising. Very strong explosions have been heard and seen from the coastal villages of East Gaua this morning, January 29th 2010. Due to the current activity, the level of water and the rate of river flow from the waterfall and outlets were observed to have risen from 20 to 30cm since January 22nd. This occurrence is possibly due to the disturbance within the Lake Letas which is feeding the river due to the rising activity. Water from water thanks in the eastern coast is becoming acid from the acid rains. This means that there can be greater threats posed given the occurrence of volcanic explosions. As of the 13th of January 2010, Geo-Hazards Vanuatu reported that the continuous ash emission activity of the Gaua volcano that begun on Monday 14th December 2009 with the significant emissions of ashes is still ongoing. This was accompanied by explosions heard from the villages on the 29th of December 2009. This eruptive phase is different from previous activities with thicker and darker plumes (see photos). These changes reflect the evolution of the source (alimentation) of the volcano. Ash falls continue to persist in the western part of Gaua and with the changes in the direction of the wind; it is possible that ash falls may also be experienced in the eastern part of the island. Chemical analysis of the ashes that fell and were collected in October, which was carried out by York University in England, have indicated that there is a high concentration of chemicals which are hazardous to the human health within these ash particles from Gaua. More analysis will be coming up on the new deposits. The latest OMI satellite images clearly show the persistence of significant flux of gases being emitted from Gaua volcano. As of the 27th of November, the Geo-hazards Officer who is responsible for the Gaua volcano monitoring works on Gaua has confirmed the big explosion of the Gaua volcano in November 18th 2009 at 2pm. This explosion has been followed by very thick and high emissions of ash columns that were covering the areas exposed to trade winds in the West. Volcano-seismic data recorded by the monitoring station based in east Gaua shows the increase in volcano activity signals starting from October 25th. Until present, the data shows that the activity of Gaua volcano remains significant. With this trend, it is recommended that the Alert Level of the volcano be remained at level 2 according to the Vanuatu volcano Alert Levels (VVAL) while Geo-hazards is carrying out a very close monitoring with the IGNS counterparts. The danger persists in the red and yellow colour zones of the hazard map, especially the risks of ash falls and mudflows in the zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 of the revised hazards map. According to news release more than 300 villagers were evacuated on Thursday 26th of November after an eruption started from the volcano and spewing smoke and ash onto the island and villages around. Residents were loaded onto fishing boats and shipped to the far side of Gaua island after the volcano. Also, according to Vanuatu's National Disaster Management Office they're evacuating people to the other side of the island. The Red Cross is providing water containers and purification tablets for the villagers, who have been hit by respiratory problems and diarrhoea caused by the volcano's pungent sulphur fumes. The evacuees will have to stay away from their villages until the volcano subsides, he said. The area has been put on the second highest alert level. No more information was reported directly from VGO yet. Previously, as of the 13th of October VGO (Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory) latest bulletin reported that after the assessment of the geohazards team on Gaua volcano from 3-7 October 2009, it is confirmed that Mont Garet volcano is going through an eruptive phase starting from the 27th of September 2009. Seismic records of the seismic station installed on Gaua show that many explosions occurred on Gaua volcano. Volcanic gas flux measurements on October 3rd show that 3000 tons of sulfuric dioxide is released from this volcano each day, this means that a significant quantity of magma is degassing from Gaua volcano. The lake letas, localised close to the Mont Garet volcano, is one of the biggest crater lake of South Pacific, its volume reachs 800 million cubic meters which is drained out through the river of the Waterfall. With this information, the Alert level of this volcano is now raised to Level 2 on the Vanuatu Volcano Alert Level (VVAL). This means that this volcano is going through a minor eruption. It is not recommended to approach the volcano. The danger remains in the red zone area on the hazard map including all the river outlets in Gaua, especially the river of waterfall (see Hazard map). With the related alert level, a level of response from the community is required (see attached Community Disaster response plan). Geohazards is doing its best with the limited resources available to continue monitoring this volcano. As of the 6th of october, local New Zealand information reported that volcanologists in Vanuatu are closely monitoring the Gaua volcano to consider whether to move its alert to level two. A senior vulcanologist at the geohazards department, Douglas Charley, reported his team has recorded more activity since last night. Very late yesterday the team started to observe an increase of a high volcanic high frequency. The level remains at one and the team will be trying to observe this until the next 48 hours. If activity will increasing further, Alert level will be putting to level two.Douglas Charley says they have one monitoring station in the field, but are now requesting more to get more reliable data. As of the 1st of october 2009, the national authorities of the republic of Vanuatu from the the Vanuatu Department of Geology Mines and Water Resources have issued an alert (at the lowest level of one , on a scale of 1-5) for Gaua volcano island, also known as Santa Maria Island located the northern part of the archipelago. The volcano has been showing signs of activity for the last two weeks, with accounts of repeated explosions and ash and gas emission. Local inhabitants have reported large quantities of smoke being produced by the volcano, a strong smell of sulphur and some contamination of local water and food supplies. About 2000 people live on the island. The roughly 20-km-diameter Gaua Island, also known as Santa Maria, consists of a basaltic-to-andesitic stratovolcano with an 6 x 9 km wide summit caldera. Small parasitic vents near the caldera rim fed Pleistocene lava flows that reached the coast on several sides of the island; several littoral cones were formed where these lava flows reached the sea. Quiet collapse that formed the roughly 700-m-deep caldera was followed by extensive ash eruptions. Construction of the historically active cone of Mount Garat (Gharat) and other small cinder cones in the SW part of the caldera has left a crescent-shaped caldera lake. The symmetrical, flat-topped Mount Garat cone is topped by three pit craters. The onset of eruptive activity from a vent high on the SE flank of Mount Garat in 1962 ended a long period of dormancy. Last know significative activity occures in 1982 (GVN/GVP)

VANUATU - Ambrym volcano

June 28th, 2011

As of the 27th of June, the data collected by the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department from the
Ambrym volcano monitoring network shows that this volcano activity remains with daily significant degassing and occasional explosions are occurring in the crater. Field assessments conducted on this volcano proved that the level of lava lakes in all volcano vents is high and that volcanic gas emitted daily could cause damage to the environment and water in the villages. Reports from the villages during the month of June confirm that minor ash falls and acid rains that burn vegetations could be experienced in some villages from the west, the
south to the east of Ambrym Island.Ambrym, a large basaltic volcano with a 12-km-wide caldera, is one of the most active volcanoes of the New Hebrides arc. A thick, almost exclusively pyroclastic sequence, initially dacitic, then basaltic, overlies lava flows of a pre-caldera shield volcano. The caldera was formed during a major Plinian eruption with dacitic pyroclastic flows about 1900 years ago. Post-caldera eruptions, primarily from Marum and Benbow cones, have partially filled the caldera floor and produced lava flows that ponded on the caldera floor or overflowed through gaps in the caldera rim. Post-caldera eruptions have also formed a series of scoria cones and maars along a fissure system oriented ENE-WSW. Eruptions have apparently occurred almost yearly during historical time from cones within the caldera or from flank vents. However, from 1850 to 1950, reporting was mostly limited to extra-caldera eruptions that would have affected local populations.

VANUATU - Yasur volcano ( Tanna island)

April 7th, 2013

According to observations by the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards department, started from 02nd April 2013, the explosive activity level of Yasur volcano has slightly increased. Explosions have become slightly stronger and more frequent. The fresh volcanic bombs from active vents have been falling around the summit area, the tourist walk and the parking area. Yasur volcano exhibited ash venting beginning on 02nd April 2013 and believed to continue. With this situation, villages and communities located far away and close to the volcano, especially those in the prevailing trade winds direction will expect ash falls (See Fig.2a/b). The Volcanic Alert Level of Yasur volcano increase at Level 2, the risk remains near the volcano crater for volcanic projections, and in part of the Red Zone for volcanic ash falls. This level of alert could evolve in the coming days. Moderate ash venting occurred at Yasur volcano at 15:15 pm (02 April), at 09:30 am (4 April) and at 07:00am (5 April). Satellite image (OMI) on 01st April 2013 shows the light degassing from Yasur volcano Previously, past year, following an assessment during 7-12 July 2012, the Geohazards Observatory team concluded that explosive activity at Yasur had slightly increased, becoming stronger and more frequent, and shifting from Strombolian to sub-Plinian. Bombs ejected from the vents fell in the crater, around the summit area, and on the tourist walk and parking area. The explosions were heard, felt, and observed from nearby villages and schools. Activity at all three volcanic vents was characterized by degassing, ash emissions, and ejection of bombs. On 13 July the Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 0-4). Previously, On 13 June 2011, the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory reported that activity from Yasur decreased during the previous week after a brief period of high activity with significant explosions and ashfall. Even though Strombolian activity occasionally ejected bombs that fell around the crater, explosions had become slightly weaker and less frequent. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 0-4).Following the assessment done by the Geohazards team on the 31 th May and 01 st   June, Yasur volcano has maintained its high activity with the strong explosions and ashes/bombs emissions from all the three active vents. The increasing activity of the Yasur volcano since May 2011 led us to upgrade the hazard rating of this volcano at Alert Level 3 starting from June 01, 2011.On 12 May 2011, the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory reported that, based on information collected by the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department, satellite imagery showed strong degassing from Yasur during the previous week. Residents living close to the volcano reported persistent strong explosions that were heard and felt on 12 May. The Vanuatu Volcano Alert Level (VVAL) remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-4). Update past year : 10th of June 2010 - Observations and assessments on the Yasur volcano during the past week week have indicated that Yasur's volcanic activity has decreased after a brief period of high activity with significant explosions and ash falls at the end of May 2010. Explosions have become less frequent yet constant strombolian activity with occasional ejections of lava bombs still occur around the volcano. Therefore with these indications the Alert Level of Yasur volcano is now decreased to Level 2 on the Vanuatu Volcano Alert Level (VVAL) . Visitors to the volcano are still advised to observe the volcano from safe distance away from the vent. It is advisable that visitors and tourist agencies must carefully consider this information given, to avoid the risks and dangers of the volcano. As of the 27th of May, Geohazard Vanuatu reported the increasing activity of the Yasur volcano since January 2010 led us to upgrade the hazard rating of this volcano at Alert Level 3 starting from May 27, 2010 .  Therefore the access to the volcano is now closed and its 500 m surrounding zone is strictly prohibited. Yasur volcano is currently undergoing moderate to large eruption with strong explosions ejecting volcanic bombs reaching the view points for visitors and the parking area with the significant ash fall in the villages nearby. High risk of volcanic projections remains in the red color Zone and threats of ash fall in parts of the yellow color zone that are exposed to trade winds that Following the assessment done by the Geohazards team on the 26th and 27th April, Yasur volcano has maintained its high activity with the strong degassing and ash emissions from all the three active vents and falling on most parts of the island from the east to the west. Fresh volcanic bombs have fallen around the crater rim; few of them have even reached the ash plain and the parking area. Explosions could be heard and viewed from the villages. Around 5 volcanic bombs have already fallen on the observation point B since beginning of April. Tour operators and local population have confirmed that the activity remains very important since the beginning of April. OMI pictures and the seismic data collected from the monitoring station confirmed this important activity with the strong degassing and very explosive activity to date Following the observations of the Geo-hazards team on in March 8th 2010 and the analysis of the volcano-seismic data recorded by the monitoring network of this volcano, it is confirmed that the activity of this volcano is increasing since January 2010, as indicated in the satellite images. This is also proven by the activity of all the three active vents and the recent volcanic bombs that fell on visitors' observation path. Under these circumstances, the Alert Level for Yasur volcano is raised to LEVEL 2 according to the Vanuatu Volcanoes Alert Levels (VVAL) . This means that eruptions are moderate and danger close to the volcano, within parts of Red Zone of the Hazard map. Thus approaching the volcano could be dangerous; it would be safer to view the yasur volcano from the parking area to avoid the volcano impact. Visitors and tourism agencies are advised to consider this information until the next alert is released. Previously, as of the 12th of August 2009, John Seach reported that eruptive activity continues at Yasur volcano in Vanuatu. During a visit to the volcano from 1-3 August, John Seach observed Strombolian explosions ejecting lava to a height of 300 m above the vent. Ash emissions were lower than normal, which allowed good views into the crater. One vent was active in the northern crater, and two vents active in the southern crater. As of the 1st of March 2009, Yasur volcano continues to erupt many times per hour as it has done so for at least 800 years. Previously, as of the 1st of October, mainly from reports from colleague, John Seach of Australia, reports that Yasur is still currently erupting. Strombolian and mild Vulcanian eruptions continue at Yasur volcano. Three main active vents are visible inside the summit crater. Incandescent lava explosions reached 250 m above the crater, accompanied by loud explosions. Projectiles were observed falling on the crater rim, 170 m from the vents. As of the 9th of April 2008, mainly from reports of John Seach , reported that a major earthquake (magnitude 7.6) hit southern Vanuatu today at 2346hrs local time. The earthquake was located east of the South New Hebrides Trench and 97 km SW of Yasur volcano. The Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre said there was no tsunami threat. The main earthquake was preceded by a large and two medium sized earthquakes; magnitude 6.5, 5.9, and 4.9. Yasur is the closest active volcano to the earthquake epicentre and is currently erupting. As of the 1st of April, activity has been almost continuous at the Yasur volcano in Vanuatu. As of the 26th of March, the Darvin Volcanic Ash Advisory (DVAAC) has reported that Strombolian and mild Vulcanian eruptions continue at Yasur volcano. Three main active vents are visible inside the summit crater. Incandescent lava explosions reached 250 m above the crater, accompanied by loud explosions. On 7-8th March, ash emissions increased at Yasur producing ashfall over villages within 4 km of the crater. Projectiles were observed falling on the crater rim, 170 m from the vents. Previous information from IRD reported that a new cycle of important activity has began at the end of June 2004. Its the fifth cycles of strong activity since the beginning of the permanent monitoring in 1993. This activity produced important ashfalls ( several millimeters as far 4 km distance of the volcano). Main eruptive activity occurred from the Crater A with strombolian explosions. Height has been estimated estimated to some 300 m high above the crater rim. Sulphur dioxide measurements (SO2) made between 11-17 of July 2004 with mini Doas spectrometer reaches average values of 1000 tonnes per day (500 tonnes per day in April 2004). Information from Michel Lardy (IRD Noumea) and DGMWR (Vanuatu) Yasur is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Previous informations from IRD reported that a new cycle of important activity has began at the end of June 2004. Its the fifth cycles of strong activity since the beginning of the permanent monitoring in 1993. This activity produced important ashfalls ( several millimeters as far 4 km distance of the volcano). Main eruptive activity occured from the Crater A with strombolian explosions. Height has been estimated estimated to some 300 m high above the crater rim. Sulphur dioxyde measurements (SO2) made between 11-17 of July 2004 with mini Doas spectrometer reaches average values of 1000 tons per day (500 tons per day in April 2004). Information from Michel Lardy (IRD Noumea) and DGMWR (Vanuatu)Previous significative information (September 2002) reported an increasing level of activity at Yasur since October 2001 and the volcanic quake of August 29, 2002 (about 3:00 pm local time), led local volcanologist to upgrade the hazard rating to Alarm Level 3. Access to the volcano was closed.The August 29 quake, magnitude 6 was strongly felt by the inhabitants of the whole district around the volcano (White Sands, Port Resolution, …). This was the first time since the seismic station was installed in October 1992 that a shock of such magnitude was recorded (see graphs below). Elders of the Yasur district confirm that such a quake had not been experienced within living memory.Two new seismological monitoring stations are about to be installed, to complement the existing alarm system installed 2 km from Yasur and the Isangel station. At this time, evacuation of the roughly 6000 inhabitants of the district has not been considered. Information bulletins will be broadcast by Radio Vanuatu to keep the population concerned informed of new developments. Yasur's activity follows a long volcanic history in the southeastern part of the island , whose main phases, over approximately the last 10,000 years, have produced: 1/ lava flows; 2/ extensive glowing ash flows that covered the entire region from Kwamera to Waisisi, and 3/ the construction of another small volcanic cone, the Ombus. Yasur volcano lies over a large and shallow (less than 10 km from the surface) magmatic chamber whose center is located between Port-Resolution and Sulfur Bay; thus, the possibility of a major eruption within a century or a millennium cannot be ignored. Such an eruption, however, would be preceded by numerous earthquakes. Should this happen, evacuation of the local population toward the west coast, the central districts and the north of the island would have to be carried out rapidly. Informations from :M.Lardy (IRD Noumea)

VANUATU - SVE Travel volcanic fieldtrip in project for 2013 (SEPTEMBER ?) - if you are interested please contact us : info@sveurop.org